Corporate M&A 2026 Comparisons

The M&A market in Zimbabwe remained active over the past 12 months, with deal-making continuing despite a complex operating environment characterised by currency and foreign exchange policy calibration, increased regulatory scrutiny and sector-specific policy interventions. At the same time, policy measures aimed at formalising and improving the investment climate – including continued investment facilitation reforms and the ongoing digitisation of licensing processes – have and are expected to continue supporting transaction momentum, especially in medium-scale investments and restructurings.

The key industries experiencing significant M&A activity continue to be mining, energy, agriculture and manufacturing. The tourism and real estate sectors have also experienced some deal-making, and this is expected to continue in 2026.

Some of the top trends in Zimbabwe during the last year follow.

• In Q1 of 2025, the Competition and Tariff Commission reviewed several transactions, including:
1. the acquisition of 60% shares in Kensys Investment (Pvt) Ltd by Deux Rivieres Holding SA;
2. the acquisition of the business and assets of Tongaat Hullet Limited by Vision Investments 155 Proprietary Limited; and
3. the acquisition of the entire shareholding of Montclair (Pvt) Ltd by Rainbow Tourism Group Ltd.
• A total of 18 transactions were received, with four being local acquisitions, whilst the remaining 14 transactions were notified through the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA) Competition Commission. In the second quarter of 2025 (Q2), the Competition and Tariff Commission (CTC) received eight local merger notifications, and it also provided the information necessary for the assessment of five mergers notified through the COMESA Competition Commission. The Q3 report is not yet available.
• A significant corporate‑law development in M&A diligence is the Statutory Instrument 108 of 2025 – Companies and Other Business Entities (Re‑Registration) Regulations, 2025. This instrument mandates re-registration of companies and private business corporations registered before the implementation of the electronic registry system and fixes 20 April 2026 as the compliance deadline. Failure to re‑register by the deadline triggers automatic deregistration and removal from the official register, which elevates entity‑status verification from a routine conditions precedent (CP) to a potential deal‑breaker (particularly for targets with legacy registration histories, incomplete annual returns, or dormant filings).
• Zimbabwe has introduced various policies and laws aimed at resource nationalism. Across all sectors, exporters are required to convert 30% of their foreign earnings into local currency at a rate determined by the Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe (RBZ). Specifically, in the mining sector, recent changes include adjustments to royalty rates and payment methods. Effective January 2025, royalty rates for various minerals have been revised, including increases for coal and quarry stones. Additionally, payment methods for royalties have been revised, with a portion of royalties for gold, diamonds and platinum required to be paid in physical minerals. In February 2026, the Zimbabwe government banned the export of raw lithium in order to promote beneficiation.
• The RBZ issued consolidated Guidelines to Authorised Dealers and their Clients on Foreign Exchange Transactions as Foreign Exchange Directive (FXD) Number 2/2025, consolidating earlier directives and aiming to provide clarity for trade and investment-related forex transactions. For M&A, this reinforces the need to structure offshore funding, shareholder loans, and purchase price remittances with documentary completeness and authorised dealer engagement baked into the timetable.
• Regionally, COMESA underwent a major overhaul via the COMESA Competition and Consumer Protection Regulations, 2025 and companion Rules (approved 4 December 2025), including a more expressly suspensory approach and a broadened toolkit for merger control (including digital transaction tools in the framework). For Zimbabwe-connected multi-jurisdictional deals (especially where parties operate across COMESA member states), this reform increases the need to model a parallel filing strategy and standstill risk alongside Zimbabwe’s domestic CTC notification requirements.
• The Zimbabwe Investment Development Agency (ZIDA) enhanced the investor experience by streamlining its processes, resulting in a more efficient and seamless licensing process.
• A notable step in securities market regulation in 2025 was the Statutory Instrument 49 of 2025 – Securities and Exchange (Self‑Listings Rules for Exchanges) (Amendment) Rules, 2025 (No 1), which amends the self‑listing framework and empowers the securities regulator (the Securities and Exchange Commission of Zimbabwe – SECZ) to adopt exchange functions for the purposes of overseeing a self‑listing scenario (also see the substantive comments on this hereinunder).
• The government is now issuing title deeds to farmers who previously held offer letters. This is expected to bring positive change to the agricultural sector as the title deeds provide farmers with bankable security to enable them to access financing from financial institutions.

Zimbabwe’s M&A landscape has experienced significant activity over the past 12 months, with notable shifts in sectoral focus. Key trends include the following.

• Mining sector: Gold and lithium mining continue to be the standout minerals in Zimbabwe, although there continues to be significant interest in its vast mineral endowment. Investment appetite continued to broaden across minerals and value chains, with heightened emphasis on fiscal compliance and the impact of tax/royalty reforms effective from January 2025 informing transaction structuring, valuation and post-completion integration planning.
• Energy sector: Deal activity remained driven by generation and infrastructure needs, including increased use of PPP models. A notable example is the Cabinet’s approval of a PPP arrangement involving the rehabilitation of Hwange Power Station units 1–6 under a rehabilitate–operate–transfer model, evidencing continued movement towards private participation in strategic infrastructure.
• Agricultural sector: Transactions and investment are expected to continue, particularly in light of positive steps taken by the government with respect to tenure reform initiatives. Although a cautionary approach must be taken in making investment decisions, the issuance of title deeds is expected to enhance the bankability of agricultural assets, supporting financing-led expansion, consolidation and longer-term capital investment in agribusiness.
• Manufacturing and retail: Activity in these sectors has remained steady, providing a stable foundation for the country’s economy. Notable deals in this sector include:
1. Yokama Investments’ acquisition of Clover Leaf Panel Beaters (manufacturing);
2. Consolidated Building and Mining Trading (CBM) Ltd’s purchase of Jojo Zimbabwe’s assets (manufacturing); and
3. AIIH Ltd’s acquisition of Joseph Investments Holdings (manufacturing/agricultural equipment).
• Financial services: Notable deals in this sector include Wealth Access Investments Managers’ acquisition of Zumbani Capital and the failed merger between CBZ Holdings Limited and ZB Bank Limited (failure to obtain regulatory approval).
• Real estate and logistics: Notable deals in this sector include:
1. the sale of the Kingdon Hotel in Victoria Falls by First Capital Bank Limited and First Capital Bank Pension Fund to ASB Hospitality LLC for USD30 million;
2. the sale of the Great Zimbabwe Hotel in Masvingo by African Sun Limited to the Mewame Family Trust for USD4.2 million;
3. the proposed indirect acquisition of the entire issued share capital in Montclair (Private) Limited by Rainbow Tourism Group;
4. Deedsgate Investments’ acquisition of Thelron Investments (real estate/warehousing); and
5. Inter-Africa Civils’ acquisition of Greenback Trading (logistics/construction).

The primary techniques/legal means for acquiring a company in Zimbabwe are:

• acquisition of shares from shareholders in an existing company;
• registering/incorporating a company; and
• share subscription.

The primary regulators of M&A activity in Zimbabwe are as follows.

• The Registrar of Companies: This is the authority responsible for the registration of companies and other business entities registrable under the Companies and Other Business Entities Act (Chapter 24:31).
• The RBZ: Under Zimbabwean laws, for a foreign resident to acquire shares in a local entity they require exchange control approval. The same applies to a local entity contracting into a foreign loan. The RBZ is the exchange control authority in Zimbabwe. It approves all transactions requiring exchange control approval under the Exchange Control Act (Chapter 22:05).
• The Ministry of Industry and Commerce: Together with the Indigenisation and Economic Empowerment Unit, the Minister of Industry and Commerce authorises foreign investors to invest and/or operate in a reserved sector of the economy. These two entities exercise this function under the Indigenisation and Economic Empowerment Act (Chapter 14:33).
• The Competition and Tariff Commission: This body is tasked with approving all mergers and transactions meeting a set threshold that have an impact on competition under the Competition Act (Chapter 14:28).
• The Zimbabwe Revenue Authority: Before any transfer of shares (amongst other property) in respect of which capital gains tax is payable can occur, the Zimbabwe Revenue Authority has to issue a capital gains tax clearance (where applicable) in accordance with the Capital Gains Tax Act (Chapter 23:01).
• The Zimbabwe Investment and Development Agency: This body registers all foreign investments in accordance with the Zimbabwe Investment and Development Agency Act (Chapter 14:37). This is optional.

In addition to the foregoing, there are sector-specific regulators (depending on the sector under which the M&A fall).

There are some restrictions on foreign investment in Zimbabwe. The Exchange Control Regulations require exchange control approval for any foreign resident to acquire shares in a local entity. In addition, a local entity also requires exchange control approval to incur and pay any foreign obligation.

Furthermore, subject to the recently promulgated Indigenisation and Economic Empowerment (Foreign Participation in Reserved Sectors) Regulations, 2025 (“SI 215 of 2025”), certain economic sectors are reserved for Zimbabwean citizens. A foreign national may only operate in some of these spheres with the approval of the Ministry of Industry and Commerce and the Indigenisation and Economic Empowerment Unit. The reserved sectors and their limitations (where applicable) are as follows:

• agriculture – primary production of food and cash crops;
• transportation – passenger buses, taxis and car-hire services (this sector is exclusively for Zimbabweans, excepting international brands);
• retail and wholesale trade – subject to the business having a minimum number of full-time paid employees of 200 people and a minimum investment of USD 20 million;
• barber shops, hairdressing and beauty salons – this sector is exclusively for Zimbabweans;
• employment agencies – this sector is exclusively for Zimbabweans;
• estate agencies – this sector is exclusively for Zimbabweans, excepting international brands;
• valet services – this sector is exclusively for Zimbabweans;
• grain milling – subject to the business having a minimum number of full-time paid employees of 50 people and a minimum investment of USD 25 million;
• bakeries – this sector is exclusively for Zimbabweans;
• tobacco grading and packaging – this sector is exclusively for Zimbabweans;
• tobacco processing;
• advertising agencies – this sector is exclusively for Zimbabweans;
• milk processing;
• artisanal mining – this sector is exclusively for Zimbabweans;
• borehole drilling – this sector is exclusively for Zimbabweans;
• pharmaceutical retailing – this sector is exclusively for Zimbabweans;
• clearing and customs – this sector is exclusively for Zimbabweans, excepting international brands;
• shipping and forwarding – subject to the business having a minimum number of full-time paid employees of 20 people and a minimum investment of USD 1 million;
• haulage and logistics – subject to the business having a minimum number of full-time paid employees of 100 people and a minimum investment of USD 10 million; and
• provision of local arts and crafts, and their marketing and distribution – this sector is exclusively for Zimbabweans.

Foreign businesses operating in these reserved sectors have been given three years (up to 2028) to progressively divest a minimum of 75% of their equity to Zimbabwean citizens. 

Furthermore, any controlling interest in a telecommunications company must be held, directly or indirectly, by one or more individuals who are citizens of Zimbabwe who are ordinarily resident in Zimbabwe. A controlling interest is defined as:

• the majority of shares in the company;
• shares representing more than half the share capital of the company;
• shares with a value in excess of half the share capital of the company; or
• shares entitling the holders thereof to a majority or preponderance of votes in the affairs of the company.

Further, advance approval must be granted in respect of listed securities for a single foreign investor to purchase up to 15% per counter and for a group of foreign investors to purchase up to 49% per counter.

For one to acquire a significant interest in a financial institution, the approval of the Registrar of Banks is required. A proportion of 5% of the shares in the company is recognised as a significant interest.

The primary antitrust law in the Zimbabwean jurisdiction is the Competition Act (Chapter 14:28), which is designed to:

• promote and maintain competition in the economy of Zimbabwe;
• establish the Competition and Tariff Commission and provide for its functions;
• provide for the prevention and control of restrictive practices, the regulation of mergers, the prevention and control of monopoly situations and the prohibition of unfair trade practices; and
• provide for matters connected with or incidental to the foregoing.

In terms of Section 34 of the Competition Act, read with the Competition (Notification of Mergers) Regulations, mergers are notifiable where:

• the merging parties’ combined annual turnover in or from Zimbabwe is valued at or more than USD1.2 million; or
• the merging parties’ combined assets in the Zimbabwean party are valued at or more than USD1.2 million.

The annual turnover is calculated in terms of international accounting standards and based on the statement of comprehensive income for the preceding financial year.

Details of the methods of calculation of turnover and assets are provided in the Competition (Notification of Mergers) Regulations, 2020, Statutory Instrument 126 of 2020, read with the Competition (Notification of Mergers) (Amendment) Regulations, 2022 (No 1).

Noteworthy regulations enacted under this Act include the following.

• The Competition (Notification of Mergers) Regulations, 2020, Statutory Instrument 126 of 2020 and Competition (Notification of Mergers) (Amendment) Regulations, 2022 (No 1) which provide the threshold of a notifiable merger.
• The Competition (Advisory Opinion) Regulations, 2020, Statutory Instrument 125 of 2020, pertaining to the non-binding interpretation of provisions of the Act by the Competition and Tariff Commission, provide for how parties can apply to the commission for such opinions, the fees involved and the form that the application should take.
• The Competition (Anti-Dumping and Countervailing Duty) (Investigation) Regulations, 2002, Statutory Instrument 266 of 2002, govern the imposition of countervailing and anti-dumping duties on any “subject” imported into Zimbabwe and the initiation, suspension and termination of countervailing and anti-dumping duty investigations and matters incidental thereto.

Acquirers should be primarily concerned with the Labour Act (Chapter 28:01) and sector-specific collective bargaining agreements, which have the force of law. Upon acquiring an entity, the acquirer has an obligation to continue the employment of all the employees of the undertaking in question without any adverse variation of their rights. This entails that the employees are automatically transferred together with the undertaking, unless agreed otherwise with the employees. The law does not provide for summary dismissal of employees except for misconduct after conducting a disciplinary hearing. Employees who are made redundant must be retrenched and paid a severance package. The prescribed minimum is one month’s salary for every year served.

Currently, there is no overt national security review of acquisitions in Zimbabwe.

Litigation directly arising from M&A activity remains relatively infrequent in Zimbabwe, but the Supreme Court’s intervention in merger control continued to shape market practice and regulator behaviour well into 2025 – and this is unlikely to change in 2026. In October 2024, the apex appellate court overturned a merger between Innscor Africa Limited and its associated companies, citing concerns about excessive market power concentration in the stock feed industry. The Court deemed the merger contrary to public interest, as it would have led to a significant concentration of market power in the stock feed industry.

Innscor Africa Limited, through its subsidiary Ashram Investments, had acquired a 49% stake in Profeeds, a stock feed manufacturer. However, the companies failed to notify the CTC within the required 30-day period. The CTC prohibited the merger, citing concerns about market concentration, and imposed a penalty of ZWL40.5 million on Innscor. The company challenged the decision, but the Supreme Court upheld the penalty and ordered Innscor to divest its interest in Profeeds. This decision highlights the importance of promoting competition and preventing monopolistic tendencies in the market.

Closely connected to this compliance first trajectory is the Supreme Court’s earlier reasoning in Ariston Holdings Limited v The Competition and Tariff Commission of Zimbabwe (SC 83/20), which remains central to how parties allocate regulatory risk in transaction documentation. In the absence of a statutory definition of “a party to a merger” under the Competition Act, the Court confirmed that both the acquirer and the party divesting control may be jointly responsible for notification where thresholds are met – thereby widening the pool of entities exposed to non-notification penalties and making “regulatory cooperation” covenants more than boilerplate.

Notably, the Supreme Court recommended that the legislature consider amending the Act to incorporate a definition of “a party to a merger”, analogous to the provision contained in South Africa’s Competition Act. Such an amendment would provide much-needed clarity and potentially reduce the likelihood of future litigation on this matter.

Legal Developments in the M&A and Competition Field in General

The following developments are the most significant.

• As noted in the foregoing, SI 215 of 2025 were gazetted and came into operation on 11 December 2025. The Regulations provide, inter alia, that:
1. any foreign national seeking to participate in a reserved sector of the economy is required to apply to the minister (through the relevant unit) for a permit;
2. foreign businesses that were already operating in a reserved sector before the gazetting of the Regulations are afforded 30 days within which to submit their regularisation plans; and
3. foreign nationals operating in a reserved sector are required, within a period of three years, to divest a minimum of 75% of their equity to Zimbabwean citizens.
• The Securities and Exchange (Self-Listings Rules for Exchanges) (Amendment) Rules, 2025 (No 1) have been gazetted. The amendments broaden the definition of “associate” to capture entities that, whether alone or together with associates or other persons, exercise significant ownership or control over a securities exchange. Further, Section 3(1) has been revised to clarify that, where a securities exchange seeks to list on its own exchange or on another exchange that is its associate (or where an associate seeks to list on an exchange that is its associate), the Securities and Exchange Commission of Zimbabwe will, for purposes of compliance with the governing statute, adopt the applicable rules and exercise the relevant functions of the exchange in relation to that listing, thereby ensuring regulatory oversight and compliance with the law.
• The COMESA Council of Ministers has approved the COMESA Competition and Consumer Protection Regulations, 2025 (together with the accompanying Rules), which repeal and replace the COMESA Competition Regulations, 2004 and materially re-set the regional framework applicable across the Common Market. The reforms are accompanied by an institutional reconfiguration of the enforcement authority – now operating as the COMESA Competition and Consumer Commission (CCCC) – and materially expand the Commission’s remit and enforcement architecture, thereby raising compliance expectations for undertakings with cross-border activities in COMESA member states.

The 2025 regime introduced a fully suspensory merger control system requiring clearance prior to implementation, updated jurisdictional thresholds (including specific treatment of greenfield joint ventures and digital-market transactions) and limited scope for derogations. In parallel, the Regulations:

• broaden substantive prohibitions (including per se restrictions for specified vertical restraints, a revised approach to dominance based on economic strength and a prohibition on abuse of economic dependence);
• expand the Commission’s public-interest lens (including sustainability and innovation considerations); and
• introduce dedicated digital-market tools (including “gatekeeper” concepts and targeted platform-conduct prohibitions).

Institutionally, the framework establishes a Panel Responsible for Determination as the primary decision-maker, provides for interim orders to prevent serious and irreparable harm, formalises settlement processes and strengthens enforcement levers (including market inquiries and compulsion powers), with enhanced fine-enforcement mechanics (including stipulated payment timelines and late-payment consequences) and co-operation modalities with national authorities.

In addition, the Companies and Other Business Entities (Fees) (Amendment) Regulations, 2023 (No 2) remain relevant in 2026. These regulations provide for fees to be paid for various requests or documents filed with the Deeds and Companies Registry. These fees range from payment for conducting a simple company name search to other things, including:

• registration of companies;
• alteration of company constitutive documents;
• filing of financial statements, and registration of share increases; and
• filing of statutorily required resolutions and allotments.

These fees are now pegged in United States dollars, unlike the prior position where the fees were pegged in local currency. This was occasioned by the extreme volatility and erosion in value of the local currency. However, the regulations still give the option to settle the fees in local currency at the prevailing rate on the date of settlement.

In the past 12 months, Zimbabwe has witnessed some changes in takeover laws, particularly with regard to data protection, as well as notable developments in the mining and agricultural sectors.

The Data Protection Regulations (Statutory Instrument 155 of 2024), which were promulgated in October 2024, have introduced substantial implications for M&A transactions.

Key implications for M&A transactions include:

• enhanced due diligence – acquiring companies must conduct comprehensive due diligence on the target company’s data protection protocols and compliance with the regulations;
• appointment of a data protection officer (DPO) – companies involved in M&A transactions may be required to appoint a DPO to oversee data protection practices and ensure compliance with the regulations;
• licensing requirements – data controllers must obtain a licence from the Data Protection Authority, providing detailed information about their data protection practices and paying the requisite licence fees; and
• data breach notification – companies are obligated to notify the Data Protection Authority and affected data subjects in the event of a data breach, which may have significant implications for M&A transactions.

To ensure compliance with the Data Protection regulations, companies involved in M&A transactions may now have to adopt a multifaceted approach, encompassing thorough due diligence on data protection practices, appointment of a DPO to oversee data protection practices, ensuring compliance with licensing requirements and data breach notification regulations, and factoring compliance costs into deal valuations and timelines.

In addition to these data protection developments, significant changes have also been introduced in the mining sector. From January 2025, mining companies must be registered taxpayers to acquire or transfer mining titles. Transfers without proof of tax registration are considered void. Furthermore, a special capital gains tax on mineral title transfers came into effect in January 2025, applicable to transactions occurring both within and outside Zimbabwe.

Bidders are generally free to build a stake in a target but there is no requirement to do so before mounting a takeover. However, as per the Companies and Other Business Entities Act (Chapter 24:31), a person who alone or together with any associate acquires or owns more than 20% of the ordinary shares of a public company shall, no later than 15 days from the date that such person acquires such number of shares, send written notice to the company stating the person’s name, the names of the associates, if any, the number of shares of the company belonging to him or her or to each of them (as the case may be), and whether the person intends to acquire a control block.

Additionally, subsection 1 of Section 236 of the aforesaid Act obliges a person who intends, alone or together with one or more associates, to acquire, taking into account the number of shares belonging to the person and the associate(s), a control block to send written notice to the company stating such intention. A control block is defined as 35% or more of the total ordinary shares of a company and any preference shares that have the right to vote with ordinary shares.

Section 235 (1) of the Companies and Other Business Entities Act (Chapter 24:31) mandates that any person who, or entity that, whether alone or together with another, acquires more than 20% of a target public company must disclose said acquisition to the company in question and indicate whether or not they intend to acquire a control block.

Additionally, subsection 1 of Section 236 of the aforesaid Act obliges a person who intends, alone or together with one or more associates, to acquire, taking into account the number of shares belonging to the person and the associate(s), a control block to send written notice to the company stating such intention. A control block is defined as 35% or more of the total ordinary shares of a company and any preference shares that have the right to vote with ordinary shares.

It should also be noted that every company is instructed under the Act to maintain an accurate and up-to-date register of the beneficial owner(s) of the company (register of beneficial owners), and said register shall be filed with the Registrar of Companies. Any changes to the beneficial ownership information must be filed within seven days thereof. This information shall be available for inspection by the Financial Intelligence Unit or other law enforcement agencies.

In Zimbabwe, companies can introduce rules and regulations governing stakebuilding through their constitutive documents, such as articles of incorporation or by-laws. However, these rules cannot stipulate a threshold lower than that prescribed by the Companies and Other Business Entities Act (Chapter 24:31).

Furthermore, public companies in Zimbabwe have certain protections against unwanted takeovers. For instance, if a control block of shares is sought to be acquired, the company can stop the acquisition through a shareholder meeting decision, adopted by a majority vote of ordinary shareholders, excluding votes of shares held by the acquiring party and their associates.

Additionally, shareholders can make a court application to stop the proposed takeover. If a person and their associates acquire a control block of a public company, they must notify shareholders in writing and offer to acquire the remaining shares at a fair price, unless a shareholder meeting waives this right.

Other hurdles to stakebuilding in Zimbabwe include:

• pre-emption rights – existing shareholders may have pre-emption rights to purchase new shares before they are offered to external investors;
• shareholder approval requirements – certain transactions, such as significant share acquisitions or mergers, may require shareholder approval;
• director approval requirements – companies may require director approval for certain transactions, such as share acquisitions or disposals;
• restrictions on foreign ownership – certain sectors in Zimbabwe, such as mining or agriculture, may have restrictions on foreign ownership;
• compliance with exchange control regulations – stakebuilding transactions may be subject to exchange control regulations, which can impose restrictions on the repatriation of funds or the conversion of local currency; and
• securities exchange requirements – listed companies in Zimbabwe must comply with the requirements of the Zimbabwe Stock Exchange (ZSE), which may include rules on stakebuilding, disclosure and shareholder approval.

In Zimbabwe, dealing in derivatives is permissible, but it is subject to regulatory oversight and approval. The RBZ and the SECZ are the primary regulators of financial markets in Zimbabwe.

The Securities and Exchange Act (Chapter 24:25) and the Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe Act (Chapter 22:15) provide the legal framework for derivatives trading in Zimbabwe.

To engage in derivatives trading, market participants must do the following:

• register with the SECZ – as a securities exchange, broker, or dealer;
• obtain approval from the RBZ – for foreign exchange-related derivatives transactions; and
• comply with regulatory requirements – including capital adequacy, risk management and reporting obligations.

Permitted derivatives instruments in Zimbabwe include:

• foreign exchange forwards and swaps;
• interest rate swaps;
• commodity derivatives (eg, agricultural commodities); and
• index-based derivatives (eg, stock market indices).

However, it is essential to note that Zimbabwe’s derivatives market is still developing, and the range of available instruments might be limited compared to more established markets.

In terms of Section 34, read with the Competition (Notification of Mergers) Regulations, mergers are notifiable where:

• the merging parties’ combined annual turnover in or from Zimbabwe is valued at or more than USD1.2 million; or
• the merging parties’ combined assets in the Zimbabwean party are valued at or more than USD1.2 million.

The notification of a merger should be done within 30 days of the conclusion of the merger agreement between the merging parties or the acquisition by any one of the parties to that merger of a controlling interest in another.

Generally, a shareholder is not required to disclose the purpose of acquiring a company. However, the information may be required in certain instances – for example, in terms of Section 15 of the Capital Gains Tax Act (Chapter 23:01) – where capital gains tax is not payable on the transfer of specified assets between companies under the same control in the furtherance of a scheme of restructuring or similar arrangement. Thus, they will need to inform the tax regulator that the transfer of the specified assets are being done in furtherance of a scheme of restructuring or similar arrangement for one to benefit under the provision.

When it comes to public companies, a person who intends, alone or together with one or more associates, to acquire a control block of shares of a public company, must, no later than 30 days prior to the date of acquiring the control block, send written notice to the company stating such intention.

Outside of filing the necessary documents with the regulatory authorities, the disclosure of bids by private companies is usually a voluntary exercise. In respect of public companies, the 29th Schedule of the Securities and Exchange (Zimbabwe Stock Exchange Listings Requirements) Rules, 2019 requires that a preliminary announcement must be issued in the press at the earliest possible moment, and not later than 48 hours after the offer, in the event of a takeover bid by a listed or unlisted company, or where a takeover bid is received by an issuer.

Generally, the market practice on timing of disclosure does not differ from the legal requirements when there is a legal requirement to disclose.

It should be noted that the company being acquired is not mandated to extend an option to the prospective acquirer to conduct due diligence. This right is negotiated between the parties involved.

Due diligence reports differ depending on the transaction in question. Generally, the most common areas include:

• legal (that is, the nature of incorporation of the company, whether its directors are duly established in terms of the law, its physical address, whether its constitutive documents are in order, whether the companies’ annual returns are in order and a review of its contractual obligations and regulatory and licensing compliance, including exchange control approvals, mining titles and environmental compliance where applicable); and
• financial and tax (that is, whether the company has audited statements where mandated by law and whether its financial statements are up to date).

Neither standstills nor exclusivity are usually demanded. These are usually negotiated between the parties. The target companies’ boards of directors usually, subject to their duties to act in the best interests of the company, negotiate in good faith and extend a certain level of exclusivity to the offeree for a certain period of time before looking to other prospective offers. This, however, usually depends on the eagerness of the target company to sell, which differs from transaction to transaction.

It is permissible for tender offer terms and conditions to be documented in a definitive agreement. This is, however, not common, differing from transaction to transaction.

There is no set timeframe within which transactions occur in the Zimbabwean jurisdiction. This differs depending on the nature of the transaction, that is, on the attitudes of the parties involved and the complexity of the deal – ie:

• whether it is between private parties or involves a public company;
• the value of the transaction; and
• the number of regulatory approvals required.

The mandatory offer threshold in Zimbabwe is 35%; this is known as the “control block”.

Both cash and shares are common forms of consideration in Zimbabwean transactions, although cash tends to be the most preferred. Common tools used to bridge value gaps between the parties in a deal include requesting proof of availability of funds for a certain specified period, in the form of certified bank statements and/or a bank guarantee or surety from an acceptable third party. Funds can also be held in escrow by a trusted third party. Virtually all transactions are now conducted in US dollars, and this brings some stability in valuations.

Takeover offers usually contain the following conditions:

• the period during which the offeree shareholders can accept the offer to acquire shares (which may not be less than 30 days from the date of sending the offer to shareholders);
• the minimum number of shareholders who must approve the offer;
• that regulatory approval has or shall be obtained; and
• material adverse change conditions.

When it comes to public companies, regulators do restrict the use of offer conditions. One of the restrictions is that a person who, alone or together with the person’s associate or associates, has acquired a control block of shares of a public company must, on the date of acquisition, give notice thereof to shareholders in writing – and within 60 days of such notice must give further notice in writing to all of the remaining company’s shareholders offering to acquire the company’s ordinary shares belonging to them at a price not less than the weighted average price at which he or she acquired the company’s shares comprising the control block during the six months preceding the date of acquisition of the control block, except when a shareholder meeting adopts a decision to waive the rights of shareholders to sell the shares belonging to them.

In addition to the foregoing, an offer must also contain the dates on which and the prices at which the shares offered were:

• originally issued by the company; and
• acquired by the person making the offer, or by his or her principal, giving the reasons for any difference between such prices and the prices at which the shares are being offered (Section 114 of the Companies and Other Business Entities Act).

There is no usual minimum acceptance condition for tender offers in Zimbabwe. The minimum acceptance conditions depend on whether the acquirer intends to acquire a controlling stake in the target. According to the Companies Act, a person who exercises ultimate effective control over a legal person is a person who:

• directly or indirectly holds more than 20% of the company’s shares;
• directly or indirectly holds more than 20% of the company’s voting rights;
• directly or indirectly holds the right to appoint or remove a majority of the company’s directors; or
• otherwise exercises or has the right to exercise significant influence or control.

When it comes to public companies, “control block” means 35% or more of the total of the ordinary shares of a company and any preference shares that have the right to vote with ordinary shares.

A business combination can be conditional upon the bidder obtaining financing. It is quite rare for the target shareholders to agree to this condition. Most shareholders require proof of funding or bank guarantees to proceed with the transaction.

A bidder can protect the deal by employing a combination of the following deal security measures:

• concluding a no-shop agreement, which stops the target from looking around for other buyers;
• right of first refusal;
• lock agreement – anything that ties the seller, to keep the transaction going;
• breakup fees;
• agreement with the biggest shareholder that it will sell to the bidder;
• foothold acquisition – acquire something that is critical for the survival of the target business; and
• concluding a memorandum of understanding.

If a bidder does not seek 100% ownership of a target, bidders often request board representation in the target entity. Constitutive documents may also be amended to accommodate the bidder’s governance rights. Other rights may be negotiated in the transaction agreements.

Shareholders can vote by proxy in Zimbabwe.

If within 120 days after the date of an offer made to other shareholders after a person alone, and/or with his/her associates, acquires a control block (35% of the public company) and the offer has been accepted by the holders of at least 90% of the target shares, other than any such shares held before the offer by the offeror and its associate or associates:

• the offeror may, within 60 days thereafter, notify the holders of the remaining target shares that the offer has been accepted, and the offeror wishes to acquire all remaining target shares; and
• after giving such notice the offeror shall be entitled and bound to acquire all such remaining shares on the same terms that applied to shares whose holders accepted the original offer.

If an offer to acquire such remaining shares has not been accepted by all such offerees, the offeror may apply to the magistrates’ court having jurisdiction in the area where the takeover is being effected for an order authorising the offeror to give the notice again. The court shall issue such order if they find that:

• the minimum number of acceptances required have been received;
• the offeror, after making reasonable inquiries, has been unable to trace holders of any of the target shares to whom the notice has not been given; and
• the court is satisfied that it is just and reasonable to make the order having regard, in particular, to the number of holders of target shares who have been traced and notified but who have not accepted the offer.

It is not common to obtain irrevocable commitments to tender or vote by principal shareholders of the target company. Most acquisitions in Zimbabwe are not hostile, and it follows that the negotiations are usually carried out with the consent of the principal shareholders. Be that as it may, irrevocable commitments can be sought at any time and usually leave room for the principal shareholder to opt out if a better offer is made, and the bidder is not willing to match the better offer.

Outside of filing the necessary documents with regulatory authorities, the disclosure of bids by private companies is usually a voluntary exercise. In respect of public companies, the 29th Schedule of the Securities and Exchange (Zimbabwe Stock Exchange Listings Requirements) Rules, 2019 requires that a preliminary announcement must be issued in the press at the earliest possible moment, not later than 48 hours after the offer, in the event of a takeover bid by a listed or unlisted company, or of a takeover bid being received by an issuer. There is no requirement to disclose the specific details of the bid.

The documents listed in Part XVII of the Securities and Exchange (Zimbabwe Stock Exchange Listings Requirements) Rules, 2019 must be submitted to the ZSE at the times specified in that Part for the issuance of shares in a business combination concerning public companies listed on the ZSE.

This includes all documentation related to:

• acquisitions;
• all announcements other than abridged annual financial statements, interim reports and provisional reports;
• applications for the listing of additional securities or amendments to listings or termination of listings;
• reverse listings;
• capitalisation issues;
• changes of name;
• conversion of securities;
• debenture issues;
• disposals;
• explanatory statements;
• constitutive documents or amendments thereof;
• new classes of securities;
• new listings;
• notices of extraordinary general meetings;
• pyramid companies or changes of control;
• “rescue” operations;
• rights and claw-back offers;
• schemes of arrangement, reorganisation, restructuring or unbundling;
• share incentive or option schemes, or amendments thereto;
• “cash company” operations and reverse takeovers;
• standby offers;
• sub-divisions or consolidations of securities;
• takeovers and mergers;
• termination of listings at the issuer’s request;
• transfer of listings;
• trustee deeds or their amendments; or
• any other document bearing the logo of a sponsoring broker.

For transactions between private entities, the requirement to produce financial statements for bidders is usually negotiated between the parties. For transactions involving a public company, these statements must be prepared for the purpose of circulating them with the shareholders, and they must be in accordance with the standards set in the Companies and Other Business Entities Act (Chapter 24:31).

Two or more public companies, or any combination of companies consisting of at least one public company and at least one private company (hereafter called the “merging companies”), may undertake a merger subject to disclosing the following documents.

• A notice of the proposed merger in the gazette, and in a daily newspaper circulating in the district in which the registered office of the company is situated, making mention of the names of the merging companies.
• A notice of the provisional contract of merger to the shareholders of each of the merging companies, which shall be compliant with the requirements for a special resolution and shall be accompanied by:
1. a copy of the contract for merger together with an explanation of the legal and economic grounds for the merger;
2. any recommendation of the board of directors on the proposed merger and the reasons for the recommendation;
3. a copy of an opinion of an independent financial adviser if such an opinion has been obtained – and more specifically if the company is a public company; and
4. the annual financial statements of all the companies which are parties to the merger for the previous three years (or any shorter time of the company’s existence) (i) provided the latest annual financial statement was, as of a date more than six months before the contract for merger, an audited financial statement for the intervening period ending not less than one month before the shareholder meeting concerned, and which reflects the financial condition of the company concerned (except that the foregoing shall not apply to any new company that was created to be the surviving company in the merger) and (ii) a notice that in the event that the merger is approved, dissenting shareholders are entitled to certain rights, referred to as the “dissenting shareholders’ appraisal rights”.

In addition, not later than 14 days after the approval of the merger by the last shareholder meeting to approve it, the merged company or the merging companies, as the case may be, shall:

• file the contract for merger with the Registrar in the prescribed manner and form, together with the prescribed fee, upon which the merger shall become effective; and
• publish notice of the merger in the gazette, and in a daily newspaper circulating in the district in which the registered office of the company is situated, making mention of the names of the merging companies.

For both private and public companies, certain documents will also have to be disclosed to regulatory authorities, such as the Zimbabwe Revenue Authority for tax assessment purposes and the Competition and Tariff Commission in instances of notifiable mergers. These include:

• the merger agreement(s) and the resolutions thereto;
• a report clearly outlining the effects of the proposed merger on competition;
• copies of annual reports and financial statements of the previous year; and
• any documents relevant to the proposed merger.

All details concerning the transaction and the documentation relating to it may also be disclosed and/or requested. The required details are:

• the names and addresses of the merging enterprises;
• the person authorised to submit the application;
• the person to whom, and the address where, the commission can send correspondence;
• a brief description of the nature of the merger for which authorisation is being sought;
• a brief description of the steps taken to publicise the proposal, if any;
• details of share acquisitions and changes in directorships;
• details of the ownership and control of the merging enterprises before and after the merger;
• details of any enterprise that will cease to exist;
• details of all financial information of the merging entities;
• details of the timing;
• details of the plans and motives;
• details of the market covered by the merging entities;
• details of the market to be covered by the merged entities;
• all the transaction documents; and
• details of any shareholder agreements.

Lastly, in accordance with the Securities and Exchange (Zimbabwe Stock Exchange Listings Requirements) Rules, 2019, the ZSE may require a company to disclose to it, within a period specified by the ZSE, such information at the company’s disposal as the ZSE may determine. It may also require a company to publish or disseminate any further information not specified in the rules, in such form and within such period as it considers appropriate.

In respect of mergers and takeovers, an announcement or a cautionary announcement concerning a possible takeover or merger transaction is to be submitted to the ZSE for approval, and a copy of the announcement must simultaneously be sent to the applicable regulatory authorities. The detailed requirements relating to takeovers and mergers are provided for in the 29th Schedule of the Listing Rules. The 29th Schedule requires that a preliminary announcement must be issued in the press at the earliest possible moment, not later than 48 hours after the offer, in the event of a takeover bid by a listed or unlisted company, or of a takeover bid being received by an issuer. In this announcement, the following information should be included:

• the name of the company or party making the bid;
• the name of the offeree company;
• the price or method of payment;
• the percentage of shares for which the offer is being made; and
• the date of expiry of the offer.

The principal directors’ duties in a business combination are prescribed by both common law and the statute. In a business combination, the directors owe their duties not only to shareholders but to all stakeholders of the company.

Section 195 (4) and (5) of the Companies and Other Business Entities Act (Chapter 24:31) provides that each and every director, in discharging their duties, must exercise independent judgement and must act within the powers of the company in a way that he or she considers, in good faith, to promote the success of the company for the benefit of shareholders as a whole. To discharge this duty, in a business combination, every director must have regard to, among other things:

• the long-term consequences of any decision;
• the interests of the company’s employees;
• the need to foster the company’s relationships with suppliers, customers and others;
• the impact of the company’s operations on the community and the environment;
• the desirability of the company maintaining a reputation for high standards of business conduct; and
• the need to act fairly towards all shareholders of the company.

It is common for boards of directors to establish special or ad hoc committees in business combinations. These committees are usually used to develop ideas, solve problems, make decisions or perform various tasks. For example, in a business combination, an ad hoc committee made up of legal expects can be set up to look at the legality of the combination. These ad hoc committees are sometimes used when some directors have a conflict of interest. However, even without the use of ad hoc committees, directors who have a conflict are required by the law to disclose their interest and to abstain from voting on an issue on which they conflict.

Although not specifically in takeover situations, Zimbabwean courts have generally deferred to the judgment of the board of directors in matters concerning company affairs. The courts have maintained that there is a need for them to generally stay clear of the internal affairs of companies. Examples of this are found in the cases of Stalap Investments (Pvt) Ltd & three others v Willoughby’s Investments (Pvt) Ltd & two others (HH 726-19, HC 11164/17) [2019] ZWHHC 726-19 (7 November 2019) and Matanda v CMC Packaging (Pvt) Ltd & Ors (HH 113 of 2003) [2003] ZWHHC 113 (19 August 2003).

Directors often rely on the information, opinions, reports or statements (including financial statements) of independent auditors or legal practitioners, or of experts in the industry of the target entity, as well as on the opinions, statements and/or information of the employees of the registered business entity who the person reasonably believes are reliable and competent to issue such information, opinions, reports or statements.

In addition, Section 230 of the Companies and Other Business Entities Act (Chapter 24:31) states that the board of directors of a private company may, and the board of a public company must, obtain an opinion of an independent professional financial adviser on the terms of the contract for the merger and the proposed merger, in which the adviser shall state:

• the adviser’s analysis and an explanation of all the terms of the contract for the merger, including the method or methods used to arrive at any proposed share exchange ratio and the values arrived at using each method; and
• an opinion as to the fairness of the merger to the shareholders and, if there is more than one type or class of shareholders, to each type or class of shareholders and creditors of the merging companies.

The opinion stated in the foregoing must accompany, where one public company is a party to merger proceedings, the notice of the provisional contract of merger to the shareholders of each of the merging companies.

Conflicts of interest of directors, managers, shareholders or advisers have been the subject of scrutiny in this jurisdiction. In addition to scrutiny by the courts, the legislature has taken preventive measures by enacting Sections 56–58 of the Companies and Other Business Entities Act (Chapter 24:31).

In terms of Section 57 of the Act, where a director has a personal financial interest in respect of a matter to be considered at a meeting of the board of the company, or knows that an associate has a personal financial interest in the matter, he or she:

• (a) must disclose the interest and its general nature before the matter is considered at the meeting;
• (b) must disclose to the meeting any material information relating to the matter, and known to the person;
• (c) may disclose any observations or pertinent insights relating to the matter if requested to do so by the other persons;
• (d) if present at the meeting, must leave the meeting immediately after making any disclosure contemplated in points (b) or (c);
• (e) must not take part in the consideration of the matter, except to the extent contemplated in points (b) and (c); and
• (f) while absent from the meeting in terms of this subsection (i) is to be regarded as being present at the meeting for the purpose of determining whether sufficient directors are present to constitute the meeting, (ii) is not to be regarded as being present at the meeting for the purpose of determining whether a resolution has sufficient support to be adopted and (ii) must not execute any document on behalf of the registered business entity in relation to the matter unless specifically requested or directed to do so by the board or meeting of members.

Hostile takeovers are currently not precluded in the Zimbabwean jurisdiction, although they are not common as a form of M&A. Most transactions tend to be by consent of both parties.

Subject to acting in accordance with their common law and statutory duties, there is no law precluding directors from using defensive measures in Zimbabwe.

Hostile takeovers are not prevalent in the Zimbabwean market. Although defensive mechanisms remain available, they are rarely used. Some of the common defensive mechanisms that can be employed by the board are as follows.

• Clauses in the constitutional documents of the target – some constitutional documents of a company require a special resolution (vote by two-thirds majority) to confirm a takeover and/or require any person making an offer to acquire the target to pay a fair price for the shares, with a fair price being the highest price recently paid for the shares in the company.
• Active counteractions after receiving an offer – after receiving an offer, the board can take active steps to avoid a successful hostile takeover. These involve:
1. rallying the shareholders against accepting the offer;
2. media campaigns that highlight the pitfalls of the potential takeover;
3. buying shares of the attacking company and taking control of it;
4. selling or merging with another investor;
5. restructuring the assets of the company in a way that makes it unattractive to the attacking company; and
6. turning a hostile takeover into a merger.

In employing defensive measures against a hostile takeover, directors must always act in good faith, in the best interests of the company and with the care, skill and attention that a diligent businessperson would exercise in the same circumstances. In other words, directors must discharge all their common law and statutory duties to the company. They cannot put their interests above all else.

Directors can “just say no” to takeover offers and take actions that prevent a business combination. This is, however, subject to them disclosing the offer(s) to the shareholders for their consideration. If the shareholders are not interested in the offer, the directors can then proceed to just say no.

Outside litigation related to competition/merger control, litigation is not common in connection with M&A deals in the Zimbabwean jurisdiction.

Litigation in M&A is not common in Zimbabwe apart from isolated cases.

Information relating to this is currently not publicly available.

Shareholder activism is not a common feature in Zimbabwe. To the extent that activism occurs, the typical aims and focus of activist shareholders include:

• to improve the governance and accountability of the board (including encouraging compliance with the law);
• to unlock inefficiencies;
• to increase and promote value creation; or
• to advocate for social and environmental causes and, in some instances, political causes.

Shareholder activism is not common in Zimbabwe. To the extent that activism occurs, activist shareholders tend to lean towards transactions that unlock or promote value creation for themselves and the company.

Zimbabwe does not experience any significant interference from shareholders in the completion of announced transactions as activism is not a common feature.