Grounds

The grounds for divorce in Indiana for both opposite and same-sex marriages are: irretrievable breakdown of the marriage, conviction of a felony after marriage, impotence if it existed at the time of the marriage, and incurable insanity of a party for at least two years (Indiana Code Section 31-15-2-3). Indiana does not recognise common law marriages entered into after 1 January 1958 (see Indiana Code Section 31-11-8-5).

Process and Service

The divorce process begins with the filing of a petition for dissolution of marriage (see Indiana Code Section 31-15-2-5) and, by statute, cannot end a marriage by approving a settlement agreement or conducting a final hearing less than 60 days after the filing of that petition or a petition for legal separation that was converted to a divorce petition (see Indiana Code Section 31-15-2-10). There is no pre-filing or other period of required separation. A party may, but is not required to, respond to a petition for dissolution of marriage or for legal separation (Indiana Code Section 31-15-2-8) Courts can enter provisional orders governing matters during the pendency of a divorce case (Indiana Code Section 31-15-4-1 et seq). If parties reach an agreement, courts may dissolve a marriage without conducting a final hearing (Indiana Code Section 31-15-2-13). Additionally, if parties resolve some, but not all, issues, they may submit the resolved issues for approval by summary disposition order (Indiana Code Section 31-15-2-14).

Indiana Code Section 31-15-2-8 and the Indiana Rules of Trial Procedure govern service and provide for certified mail, personal process server, or waiver of formal service of process. See Indiana Trial Rules 4 (and subparts) and 5.

Religious Marriages

Religious marriages and divorces, if viewed as legitimate under Indiana law, are generally given full faith and credit.

Void and Voidable Marriages

Indiana has statutory provisions for void marriages – ie, marriages that were never valid because, for example, one of the spouses was married at the date of the new marriage, the marriage was to a close relative, or one of the spouses was incompetent (see Indiana Code Section 31-11-8-0.3 et seq). Indiana also has statutory provisions for voidable marriages – ie, a valid marriage that has grounds to be voided, such as incapacity to marry because of age or mental incompetence or fraud (see Indiana Code Section 31-11-9-1 et seq). A void marriage can be declared as having never occurred upon a proper showing. For a court to order a void marriage, a petition for voidable marriage must be filed and requisite statutory proof provided.

One party must be a resident of a county (or stationed at a US military installation within the county) in the State of Indiana for three consecutive months and of the State of Indiana for six consecutive months for subject-matter jurisdiction over a divorce (Indiana Code Section 31-15-2-). There also must be personal jurisdiction over the responding party (see Indiana Trial Rule 4.4(A)).

Domicile is the place where a party resides or intends to return from a temporary absence to reside. Residence is where a party physically lives. Nationality (the place of origin of a person) generally is addressed by residency and domicile and does not often become relevant.

Contesting Jurisdiction and Staying Proceedings

A party to divorce proceedings may contest jurisdiction for lack of subject matter jurisdiction or personal jurisdiction, but not simply to stop a divorce from occurring. A party may obtain a divorce without stating a fault ground.

A party may request a stay of proceedings to pursue divorce proceedings in a foreign jurisdiction if there is a lack of subject matter or personal jurisdiction or a lack of jurisdiction over property or children’s issues. Also, a divorce proceeding may be stayed under certain circumstances if there is a bankruptcy proceeding pending. Statutory and common law precedent are a guide in each of these instances.

As mentioned in 1.2 Choice of Jurisdiction, one party must be a resident of a county (or stationed at a US military installation within the county) in the State of Indiana for three consecutive months and of the State of Indiana for six consecutive months for subject-matter jurisdiction over a divorce (Indiana Code Section 31-15-2-6). There also must be personal jurisdiction over the responding party (see Indiana Trial Rule 4.4(A)).

A party to divorce proceedings involving property division may contest jurisdiction for lack of subject matter or personal jurisdiction or to allege that a court does not have jurisdiction over property.

A party may request a stay of proceedings to pursue divorce property division proceedings in a foreign jurisdiction if there is a lack of subject matter or personal jurisdiction or if there is a lack of jurisdiction over property. Statutory and common law precedent are a guide.

Courts hear financial claims after a foreign divorce court enters property orders, generally, to enforce foreign orders. Courts do not typically revisit the foreign orders, but there can be more scrutiny given to orders from non-Hague Convention countries.

See 1.1 Grounds, Timeline, Services and Process (Process and Service).

Marital Property

By statute, marital “property” is defined as all assets (and liabilities, per case law interpreting the definition of marital property) of either party or both parties, including:

• a present right to withdraw pension or retirement benefits;
• the right to receive pension or retirement benefits that are not forfeited upon termination of employment or are vested (as defined by IRC Section 411), but that are payable after divorce; and
• the right to receive disposable retired or retainer pay (as defined by 10 United States Code (USC) 1408(a)) acquired during the marriage that is or may be payable after divorce (Indiana Code Section 31-9-2-98).

Just and Reasonable Division

Marital property is to be divided in a just and reasonable manner, and can be divided in kind, by setting aside the property of one party to the other party, ordering the sale of property, or ordering the distribution of pension or retirement benefits (see Indiana Code Section 31-15-7-4). Courts presume that an equal division of all marital property is just and reasonable, but that presumption may be rebutted by consideration of relevant evidence, including consideration of five statutory factors:

• the contribution of each spouse to the acquisition of property, regardless of whether the contribution was income producing;
• premarital, gifted, or inherited property;
• the economic circumstances of each spouse;
• conduct leading to the disposition or dissipation of property; and
• the earnings or earning ability of the parties (Indiana Code Section 31-15-7-5).

Courts look for meaningful reasons to deviate from the presumed equal equitable distribution.

Most courts require financial declarations stating under oath the identity and value of all marital assets and liabilities. Parties may also conduct discovery such as depositions, interrogatories, requests for production of documents, and requests for admissions (see Indiana Trial Rules 26, 30, 31, 33, 34 and 36). There also is the right to request documents from non-parties (see Indiana Trial Rule 34(C)). Courts have the authority to enforce discovery compliance from parties and non-parties (see Indiana Trial Rule 37).

Trusts

If vested, trusts are considered marital property and part of a marital estate presumed to be equally divided. If trust documents do not allow the division of trust property, the trust beneficiary spouse may be ordered to offset other property or make property settlement payments to achieve the overall distribution of the parties’ marital estate – see, for example, Loeb v Loeb, 301 NE 2d 349 (Indiana 1973).

Upon the filing of a petition for dissolution of marriage or legal separation, a party may seek and be awarded temporary spousal maintenance (see Indiana Code Section 31-15-4-1 et seq).

Indiana does not have classic post-divorce alimony or spousal maintenance. There are three statutory grounds for spousal maintenance:

• physical or mental incapacity of a party to the extent it materially affects a party’s income-earning capacity;
• the need to forgo employment to care for a disabled child, as well as the lack of sufficient property to provide for needs; and
• rehabilitative maintenance – after considering education, interruption in education, and earning capacity – for a maximum of three years from the date of divorce (see Indiana Code Section 31-15-7-2).

Spousal maintenance is not often a factor in Indiana divorces.

For post-divorce spousal maintenance, incapacity and caregiver maintenance is based on the incomes and expenses of the parties for the duration of the incapacity or caregiver responsibilities. For rehabilitative maintenance, the amount is often based on costs for retraining, restoring a licence, or classwork related to returning to the workforce. There are no formulae or calculations to guide the courts. It is wholly discretionary.

Indiana has adopted the Uniform Premarital Agreement Act (Indiana Code Section 31-11-3-1 et seq) for prenuptial agreements executed after 1 July 1995, and has robust case law that promotes the validity and enforceability of premarital agreements so long as there is no fraud, duress, coercion, or unconscionability. Case law on postnuptial agreements is less developed and the validity and enforceability of postnuptial agreements is discretionary and often determined based on whether the contract is necessary to extend a marriage that otherwise would be dissolved. The history of the case law for postnuptial agreements has evolved from 1991 to the present date, balancing public policy considerations with freedom-of-contract principles.

Courts presume the validity and enforceability of prenuptial agreements. It is a more fact-sensitive analysis with postnuptial agreements. For prenuptial agreements, see In re Marriage of Boren, 475 NE 2d 690 (Indiana 1985) and its progeny. For postnuptial agreements, see Hall v Hall, 27 NE 3d 281 (Indiana Court of Appeal 2015).

Indiana case law treats the separation of cohabiting couples far differently than divorce. Only the joint property of the cohabitants is divisible and there is no statutory presumption as to the division of that property. There are no statutory provisions and situations are assessed based on contract, quasi-contract, unjust enrichment, equity, and similar principles. For the history of the development of this common law, see Glasgo v Glasgo, 410 NE 2d 1325 (Indiana Court of Appeal 1980) and its progeny.

While there is no statutory provision and only selected case law guidance, the length of cohabitation, roles of each party, economic contribution of each party, non-economic contribution of each party, and other factors may affect how a court divides the property of the cohabitants that is subject to division.

If a party fails to comply with a financial order, the other party may file a motion to enforce the financial order. That motion may seek enforcement by contempt (not applicable to money judgments), compelling compliance with the terms of the divorce decree, an income withholding order, or any other remedies available for the enforcement of a court order (see Indiana Code Section 31-15-7-10). In an effort to avoid enforcement issues, the receiving party may request security, such as pledge of assets, liens on stock or membership units, direct payment provisions, life insurance, and other assurances.

International enforcement of financial orders is permitted in Indiana – again, with more scrutiny given to orders from non-Hague Convention countries.

In Indiana, the media and press are able to report on financial cases. Courts are open to the public. However, if there are issues that would fall within the confidentiality of the Indiana Rules on Access to Public Records Act, courts may restrict access to proceedings and court documents. Trade secrets, confidential and proprietary financial and other information, and other types of non-public information may be protected from disclosure.

There are two primary methods of seeking anonymity of proceedings. Parties may file a divorce case in any county in Indiana (subject to the other party requesting to move the case back to a county of residence) to try to limit likelihood of access. Some counties permit filings with initials as opposed to full names, but that is discretionary. Indiana allows for public access to the Chronological Case Summary of Filings and Proceedings(but not the actual filings for non-lawyers) for most types of family law cases (but not orders of protection, adoptions, and other categories).

Indiana has rules for ADR. Mediation, arbitration, and private judging is available to assist parties to resolve financial disputes.

Several Indiana counties, by local rule, require mediation before a final hearing. If a party is non-compliant, courts can impose sanctions.

Mediated agreements on financial issues are generally enforceable upon execution and are approved by courts as an order of the court. Agreements are favoured under Indiana law to promote amicable resolution of disputes (see Indiana Code Section 31-15-2-17).

Indiana does not separate financial issues from children’s issues in divorce cases. However, there are separate statutes that address jurisdiction for child custody proceedings if children’s issues are not part of a divorce case, such as paternity, post-divorce children’s issues, guardianships, and children’s issues from other jurisdictions. Indiana has adopted a version of the Uniform Child Custody Jurisdiction Act (styled UCCJA rather than Uniform Child Custody Jurisdiction and Enforcement Act (UCCJEA)) (see Indiana Code Section 31-21-1-1 et seq). While not absolute, the six-month home state rule – the state where the child has lived with a parent or a person acting as a parent for at least the last six consecutive months is the child’s “home state” – applies in many situations. There are exceptions for emergencies and other situations. In addition to home state considerations, the best interests of children are considered when establishing jurisdiction.

Home state is most relevant for children in determining jurisdiction when children’s issues are not part of a divorce case. In those instances, for the parents, having some nexus to Indiana is relevant – although the three-month county and six-month state requirements are not technically applied as in divorce cases.

Custody Disputes

If there is a dispute over custody and parenting time, courts will address those issues upon application of a party. Indiana has statutes and case law that govern the determination of both legal custody (making major life decisions for children) and physical custody (deciding what parenting time each parent will have). “Children” are defined as under the age of 18, for purposes of custody and parenting time (see Indiana Code Section 31-9-2-13). Courts may make orders that are in children’s best interests as to custody and parenting time so long as they are constitutional and do not improperly infringe on a parent’s right to have access to and raise children.

A custodian may determine the children’s upbringing, including education, healthcare, and religious training, unless limited by court order due to the children’s physical health being endangered or emotional development significantly impaired (see Indiana Code Section 31-17-2-17). An award of joint legal custody does not require an equal division of physical custody of the children (see Indiana Code Section 31-17-2-14).

As to physical custody and parenting time for children, courts look at the statutory factors (Indiana Code Section 31-17-2-8 for initial custody determinations and Indiana Code Section 31-17-2-21 for custody modifications).

Indiana Code Section 31-17-2-8 provides for the determination of custody and entry of an initial custody order, in accordance with the best interests of the children. In determining the best interests of the children, there is no presumption favouring either parent. Courts shall consider all relevant factors, including:

• the age and sex of the children;
• the wishes of the parties;
• the wishes of children (with more consideration given to the wishes of children aged 14 or older);
• the interaction and interrelationship of the children with the parties, siblings, and other persons who may significantly affect the children’s best interests;
• the children’s adjustment to homes, school and community;
• the mental and physical health of all individuals involved;
• evidence of a pattern of domestic or family violence of either party;
• evidence that children have been cared for by a de facto custodian (defined in Indiana Code Section 31-9-2-35.5 and with additional factors for consideration set forth in Indiana Code Section 31-17-2-8.5); and
• a designation in a power of attorney of a party or a de facto custodian.

Indiana Code Section 31-9-2-67 defines “joint legal custody” as parties sharing authority and responsibility for major decisions concerning the children’s upbringing, including the children’s education, healthcare, and religious training. Indiana Code Section 31-17-2-13 indicates that courts can award joint legal custody if the court finds it is in the best interests of the children. In determining whether an award of joint legal custody is in the best interests of children, courts shall consider it a matter of primary, but not of determinative importance, that the parties have agreed to joint legal custody (Indiana Code Section 31-17-2-15). Courts shall also consider:

• the fitness and suitability of each person;
• whether parties are able to communicate and co-operate in advancing the children’s welfare;
• the wishes of children (with more consideration given to the wishes of children aged 14 or older);
• whether the children have established a close and beneficial relationship with both parties;
• whether the parties live close to each other and plan to continue to do so; and
• the nature of the physical and emotional environment in each party’s home (Indiana Code Section 31-17-2-15).

Indiana Code Section 31-17-2-21 provides that courts may not modify child custody orders unless the modification is in the best interests of the children and there is a substantial change in one or more of the factors set forth in Indiana Code Sections 31-17-2-8 or 8.5. Courts shall not hear evidence on a matter occurring before the last custody proceeding unless that matter relates to a change in the statutory factors relating to the best interests of the children.

The Indiana Supreme Court has established the Indiana Parenting Time Guidelines, which – in the absence of extreme circumstances ‒ serve as a guide for the minimum amount of time a non-custodial parent will have with children. There are age gradations suggesting different frequency and duration for a parent’s contact with children depending on the children’s ages. There is also a detailed suggested schedule for holidays and extended parenting time, as well as consideration of distance between parents as a factor.

Child Support

The Indiana Supreme Court has adopted the Indiana Child Support Rules and Guidelines that presumptively govern child support, which were dramatically modified effective 1 January 2024, to account for cost-of-living changes and eliminate the complex method of allocating uninsured healthcare expenses. There is an underlying formula that adopts an income shares model, uses gross income, and applies a 21.88% tax factor. There are additional references as to how to address other expenses, such as healthcare, extracurricular activities, and educational expenses. If courts deviate from the presumptive child support amount, they must explain and offer reasons for the deviation. Indiana Code Section 31-16-6-1 provides a non-exhaustive list of factors to be considered for child support payments, but the guidelines calculation usually controls the amount. The duty to support children ends at age 19 unless a child is earlier emancipated or is incapacitated (see Indiana Code Section 31-16-6-6). College expense orders can continue past age 19 for the duration of an undergraduate degree. Child support orders are modifiable upon showing:

• changed circumstances so substantial and continuing as to make the terms of the existing child support order unreasonable; or
• that a party has been ordered to pay an amount in child support that differs by more than 20% from the Indiana Child Support Guidelines’ calculation.

Parties may make agreements outside of court for child support and to cover certain children’s expenses, but they are informal arrangements and not enforceable in the event of disputes. The most common approach is for courts to make formal child support orders.

Any person entitled to receive child support payments may commence a child support action (see Indiana Code Section 31-16-2-1 et seq).

Courts have the power to make an order that dictates the upbringing of children when parents have opposing views on specific issues (eg, schooling, medical treatment, religion and holidays), by naming one parent the sole legal custodian, or when there is a dispute between joint legal custodians. See Indiana Code Section 31-17-2-17. However, that does not mean the other parent must, for example, take the children to the sole legal custodian’s preferred house of worship on their parenting time. It means that the specification of how a child will be raised is in the sole province of the custodian. If joint legal custodians have a voluminous number of disputes, courts will eventually modify legal custody so one parent makes the decisions after consulting with the other parent.

Parental alienation is considered not independently or as a syndrome but, rather, as part of the assessment of a parent when courts conduct the statutory analysis of a custody situation. See Indiana Code Sections 31-17-2-8 and 21 (enumerating a non-exhaustive list of factors for courts to consider).

Courts have the discretion to permit a child to speak to the judge in chambers (Indiana Code Section 31-17-2-9) or, for older children, to testify on the witness stand. Those practices are largely discouraged. More often, a child’s counsellor, custody evaluator, guardian ad litem, or court-appointed special advocate presents the views of children. See Indiana Code Section 31-17-2-10 and 12 and Indiana Code Section 31-17-6-1 et seq.

The Indiana Rules for Alternative Dispute Resolution, adopted by the Indiana Supreme Court, govern ADR. These rules provide for mediation, arbitration, mini-trials, summary jury trials, and private judges to help parties to resolve financial disputes.

While not mandated in all instances, several Indiana counties, by local rule, require mediation before a final hearing. Also, if a party requests mediation, it is likely to be granted. If a party is non-compliant in participating in the mediation process, courts can impose sanctions that include an award of attorney’s fees.

Mediated agreements on children’s issues are generally enforceable, upon approval by courts, as an order of the court. Mediated agreements on financial issues are generally enforceable upon the parties signing the mediated agreement and are subsequently approved by courts.

There is no statutory requirement for a party to engage in ADR.

In Indiana, the media and press are generally permitted to report on financial cases. Courts are open to the public. See Indiana Rule on Access to Court Records (“Ind R Acce Ct Rec”)4(A). However, if there are issues that would fall within the confidentiality of Indiana Code Section 5-14-3-1 et seq and the Indiana Rules on Access to Court Records, adopted by the Indiana Supreme Court, courts may restrict access to proceedings and court documents. The statute addresses, among other things, trade secrets and confidential financial information (see Indiana Code Section 5-14-3-4(a)(4) and (5)). The act details mandatory confidentiality, discretionary confidentiality, and the process of maintaining confidentiality. There is a process for filing mandatory confidential information. There is a process for discretionary confidentiality that requires filing a notice and setting a hearing. If information is not determined to be confidential, the media and the press are rarely limited on what they can and cannot report.

There are two primary methods of seeking anonymity of proceedings. Parties may file a proceeding in any county in Indiana (subject to the other party requesting to move the case back to a more appropriate county) to try to limit ease of access. The “preferred venue” is generally the county where the parties reside. If a party files a divorce case in a non-preferred venue, the other party has the right to request that the case be transferred back to a county of preferred venue (see Indiana Trial Rule 75). Additionally, some counties and courts permit filings with initials or partial initials as opposed to full names. That permission is within the discretion of the particular county and court and, with the advent of electronic filing, sometimes within the discretion of the electronic filing service. Certain types of children’s cases have limitations on access to preserve confidentiality (eg, paternity actions created after 1 July 1941, and before 1 July 2014, pursuant to Indiana R Acce Ct Rec 5(A)(6)), but generally not divorce cases involving children, which are mostly open to the public. Personal identifiers such as social security numbers also are excluded from public access.