Corporate M&A 2024 Comparisons

The negative impact of COVID-19 has started to wear off but the ongoing war in Ukraine continues to damage the investment climate in Bulgaria. Still, economic activity in the M&A sector amounted to 75 to 80 transactions (including major business real estate deals), an achievement that is comparable to the last one to two years following the COVID pandemic as well as to the immediately preceding period. The fears that M&A activity in Bulgaria would decline due to the global anti-inflation measures did not materialise, yet we did not see a significant growth in M&A activities either. As in previous years, the vast majority of corporate transfers were rather small in size, and outside of technology companies, most buyers were local.

The expectations for 2024 are for a comparable number of deals. There are indications that the telecoms sector and the IT sector will continue to be active. The role of local private equity funds is also more and more noticeable. The war in Ukraine will continue to be a huge destabilising factor in the entire region, negatively affecting normal political and business life in the country. On the other hand, the efforts of Bulgaria to join the Schengen area (Bulgaria will join the Schengen area by air and water on 1 April 2024, and land border control is expected to be lifted soon thereafter) and the eurozone (possibly joining in the beginning of 2025) add a certain optimism for the business future of the country, M&A activity included.

The most active sectors in the past 12 months include telecommunications, energy (renewables in particular), fintech and business real estate (large office centres and mid-size commercial malls).

The typical legal means of acquiring a company is through acquisition of shares in its capital. Acquisition of the entirety or a part of a company’s going concern is also common.

In principle, no state authority regulates M&A activity in Bulgaria. However, depending on the sector in which the target operates, an approval may be required, for example from the Bulgarian National Bank if the target is a credit institution. In the case of a concentration of business activity, an antitrust clearance from the Bulgarian Commission on the Protection of Competition may be required.

Foreign nationals or non-resident legal persons may acquire a right to ownership of land in Bulgaria under the terms arising from the accession of the Republic of Bulgaria to the European Union, or by virtue of an international treaty which has been ratified by, has been promulgated in, and has entered into force for the Republic of Bulgaria, as well as through legal succession.

There are restrictions on certain foreign investments coming from so-called “offshore” zones – companies registered in such zones or their subsidiaries are prohibited from owning shares in banks, insurance companies and some other regulated entities, and from participation in public procurement procedures, tender procedures for the sale of state-owned or municipality-owned properties, etc. These restrictions could be overcome subject to proper disclosure of specific data about the company registered in the offshore zone and its ultimate beneficiary owner.

The Bulgarian antitrust legislation is harmonised with the relevant EU regulations, which are also directly applicable in Bulgaria. A concentration of a business activity resulting in a change of control is subject to notification to the Bulgarian Commission on the Protection of Competition, if the combined turnover of the undertakings concerned in Bulgaria exceeds EUR12,782,297 and each of at least two of the undertakings concerned had a turnover in Bulgaria exceeding EUR1,533,875 in the year preceding the transaction.

The labour law regulations are provided in the Bulgarian Labour Code and other applicable legislation, depending on the type of transaction. Executions of share deals do not require prior notification to the employees. Transfers of the entirety or a part of a company’s going concern, as well as mergers and spin-offs, require a notification two months in advance and negotiations with the affected employees. The TUPE rules for protection of employees are applicable to such transactions.

In the very beginning of 2024, Bulgaria implemented in its legislation the FDI screening regime introduced by Regulation (EU) 2019/452 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 19 March 2019 establishing a framework for the screening of foreign direct investments into the Union. The specific by-laws through which the general provisions of the mechanism would be effectively implemented are expected to be enacted in mid-2024. In view of the vagueness of the legal regime and the relatively low thresholds (EUR1 million or even less, depending on the nature of the case), this screening regime could become a rather serious factor to be accounted for in the planning of M&A transactions in Bulgaria.

Many changes introduced in connection with the COVID-19 pandemic became permanent – for example, the temporarily extended deadlines for filing annual financial statements with the tax authorities and for their announcement by the Bulgarian companies (from 31 March to 30 June and, respectively, from 30 June to 30 September of the following accounting year) have become the regular deadlines. Public companies continue to have the right to conduct their general meetings without the physical presence of the shareholders, including online participation.

Some of the amendments to the Public Offering of Securities Act (POSA) in the past three years aim at transposition of the Shareholder Rights Directive II into the Bulgarian legislation. Such amendments include regulation of proxy advisers, General Meeting of Shareholders’ approval and publication of the policy on remuneration for Board members, as well as publication of a report on the fulfilment of the remuneration policy, etc.

One of the very interesting developments of 2023 was associated with the change of the practice of the tax authorities regarding the payment of so-called “advance dividends”, which are not regulated by the Bulgarian corporate legislation (with the exception of public companies). As a rule, the tax authorities would view such distributions as “hidden distribution of profit”, which could bring serious charges and penalties to the company making them. Now the practice of the tax authorities has changed, they have issued a formal opinion allowing companies to make advance distributions of dividends before the year end subject to certain conditions, such as the presence of a balance sheet showing the existence of a profit or other distributable items as of the moment of passing of the resolution on the distribution of the dividends and the presence of an opinion from the management of the company, usually supported by an opinion from the chief accountant, that the company will make an annual profit as well.

In order to ease the process of creation of startups, changes were introduced to the Bulgarian Commercial Law, allowing for the creation of companies with variable capital. However, the rather low maximum amount of the turnover or the assets of the company, ie, not more than EUR2 million, will probably make those companies not so popular, as above that threshold they will need to transform themselves into standard commercial companies (eg, LLC).

Undoubtedly, the change that will most affect the M&A market in Bulgaria is the introduction of a screening regime for foreign direct investments, as mentioned in 2.6 National Security Review. To the extent that at the date of preparation of this chapter there is still no practice in its implementation, it is difficult to say how significant will be the delay that the implementation of this regime may cause to various transactions affecting areas related to the national security of the Republic of Bulgaria, such as energy or finance, for example.

In 2020, the POSA was amended to include measures for implementation of Regulation (EU) 2017/1129 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 14 June 2017 on the prospectus to be published when securities are offered to the public or admitted to trading on a regulated market. In addition, in 2022, the POSA was amended to include measures for implementation of Regulation (EU) 2020/1503 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 7 October 2020 on European crowdfunding service providers for business, and amending Regulation (EU) 2017/1129 and Directive (EU) 2019/1937.

No significant amendments were made to the laws regulating the public offering of securities in 2023. In the overall legislation related to this sector, amendments were made aimed at further harmonising it with the requirements of European regulations and directives. For example, the Markets in Financial Instruments Act was amended in order to integrate requirements of Regulation (EU) 2016/1011 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 8 June 2016, known as the “Benchmark Regulation”.

In Bulgaria, it is not common for a bidder to build a stake in the target prior to launching an offer. The main reason is the low liquidity of the Bulgarian stock market. Nevertheless, Bulgarian law does not prohibit stakebuilding, but it should be noted that stakebuilding may trigger certain reporting obligations if the thresholds described below are exceeded.

Any shareholder that acquires or transfers directly or indirectly (under Article 146 POSA) voting rights in the General Meeting of a public company must notify the Financial Supervision Commission and the public company if, following the acquisition or transfer, their voting rights would go above the threshold of 5% or would fall below that threshold, or a multiple of 5% of the number of voting rights in the General Meeting of the public company. The voting rights are calculated based on the total amount of voting shares, regardless of whether a restriction is imposed on the right to exercise them. Calculation is made for each class of shares. Where the thresholds above are reached or exceeded because of direct acquisition or transfer of voting shares, an obligation also arises for notification to the central securities depository.

Bulgarian law does not provide for the right of a public company to introduce different reporting thresholds. The potential situation where a bidder may become subject to a mandatory takeover bid requirement may be considered as another hurdle to stakebuilding.

Dealing in derivatives is allowed in Bulgaria.

Bulgarian public companies are obliged under the POSA to disclose any changes in the rights given by derivative financial instruments issued by them which give the right to acquire shares of the company. Bulgarian law does not provide for specific competition rules relating to derivatives, and the merger control rules will be triggered if the option to acquire shares is exercised.

In addition, under the Collective Investment Schemes and Other Undertakings for Collective Investments Act, the so-called Managing Company shall provide the Financial Supervision Commission with periodic information about the types of derivative financial instruments in which it invests, the major risks associated with the underlying instruments, the quantitative limits and the methods which have been chosen in order to estimate the risks associated with transactions in derivative instruments for each collective investment scheme managed thereby.

If a takeover bid is made, the bidder is obliged to include in its tender offer certain information. This information must include the intentions of the bidder regarding the future operations of the public company subject to the tender offer and of the bidder, if it is a legal entity, to the extent the latter is affected by the tender offer. Furthermore, said tender offer must include information regarding retention of the members of the management bodies and the public company’s staff, including any material changes in the terms and conditions of the employment contracts. In particular, the bidder’s strategic plans for the two merged companies and regarding the likely implications of the tender offer on the employees must be included in the information provided. In addition, information about the locations of the companies’ places of business and potential withdrawal from trading on a regulated market must be included as well.

Public companies are obliged to disclose a deal in accordance with the principles of Article 17 of the EU Market Abuse Regulation (Regulation (EU) No 596/2014) (MAR). Hence, an analysis on a case-by-case basis should be made as to whether and when the information about the deal is to be disclosed. In principle, a public company should inform the public as soon as possible of any inside information which directly concerns that public company.

Non-compliance with the disclosure requirements may lead to serious financial sanctions. Therefore, in theory, the timing of disclosure should not differ from the legal requirements. However, there might be cases of discrepancies between the practice on timing and the legal requirements.

In private M&A transactions, there are standard areas which are covered in almost all legal due diligence processes, such as title over shares, arrangements with the management, contracts with clients and suppliers, employment, litigation, relationships with state authorities and data protection. Depending on the specifics of the sector in which the target operates, some other areas of focus may be added, such as title over real estate, IP rights, regulatory licences and permits, etc. In public M&A transactions, the legal due diligence process is usually based on public information and more in-depth analysis, and if it is based on non-public information, this would be possible subject to the restrictions upon disclosure of information provided by the legislation and subject to compliance with the insider trade and anti-market abuse requirements imposed by the MAR legislation.

The COVID-19 pandemic impacted the scope of legal due diligence, and extra focus was given to some areas such as the impact of the pandemic on the supply chain used by the target, the organisation of work (including remote work) during lockdowns, the forms of financial compensation received by the target from the state, IT and data privacy. With the passing of the effect of the pandemic, many of the additional requirements were dropped, but others that meanwhile became regular practice, such as the hybrid or remote working model, have settled sustainably amongst the elements subject to review and analysis.

Exclusivity and standstills are common in negotiated private M&A transactions. Standstills are also common in private M&A transactions organised as auctions, but exclusivity is agreed at a later stage of the auction process, when one or a few of the bidders are shortlisted. The restrictions over the seller may cover the due diligence period through to the negotiation process until a definitive agreement is signed. Standstill arrangements are not common in public M&A transactions. In the context of tender offers, the principle of ensuring equal treatment of the shareholders, enjoying equal status in the company subject to the tender offer, and protection of the other shareholders upon acquiring control of the company applies. The tender offer must specify the term for its acceptance, which must not be shorter than 28 days or longer than 70 days after the date of publication of the tender offer. If there is a competitive tender offer, then the term of the original tender offer is to be extended until expiry of the term for acceptance of the competitive tender offer.

It is permissible for tender offer terms and conditions to be documented in a definitive agreement. In private M&A transactions, this is the common way of documenting the terms and conditions of the offer. In public M&A transactions, the tender offer contains the terms and conditions of the offer. A tender offer is accepted by means of an express statement and the depositing of the documents certifying the shares with an investment firm or with the central securities depository. The transaction is considered concluded at the time of expiration of the term for acceptance of the offer.

In public M&A transactions, the timeframe of the process is generally regulated by law. As noted in 5.4 Standstills or Exclusivity, the tender offer must specify the term for its acceptance, which must not be shorter than 28 days or longer than 70 days after the date of publication of the tender offer.

In private M&A transactions, the timeframe depends on several factors, such as the type of the transaction (share deal vs. going concern deal vs. asset deal), the legal form of the target (limited liability company vs. joint-stock company), the size and complexity of the business of the target, and the necessity of merger control or other regulatory clearance. In terms of allowing the possibility to carve out certain assets or liabilities from the scope of the deal, going concern/asset deals may have an advantage over share deals. However, the finalisation of going concern/asset deals may be more time-consuming, in light of the requirement for prior notification to the revenue authorities and to affected employees and the necessity of transfer or renewal of certain regulatory permits.

During lockdowns imposed as a response to the COVID-19 pandemic, the biggest hurdles causing delays in the deal-closing process included the limited ability of the parties to be physically present at the closing meetings (including in front of notaries) and the delays in the work of some state institutions (including those abroad, and relating mainly to obtainment of apostils on official or notarised documents). Nevertheless, after the easing of the anti-pandemic measures, such obstacles were gradually overcome. Furthermore, many practices that were first tested on a large scale during the pandemic, eg, signing of transactional documentation through electronic signature platforms (eg, DocuSign) or through qualified electronic signatures, have gained popularity and remain in extensive usage in view of their undisputable convenience.

In public M&A transactions, any person that acquires more than one-third of the votes in the General Meeting of a public company, provided no other person holds more than 50% of the votes in the General Meeting, must make a tender offer to the voting shareholders for purchase of their shares. The tender offer must be made through registration with the Financial Supervision Commission within 14 days of the relevant acquisition, or within one month of the registration of the reorganisation or decrease of the capital, if the threshold is passed due to reorganisation or cancellation of shares.

The obligation described in the paragraph above also arises for any person that acquires more than 50% of the votes in the General Meeting of a public company, as well as for any person that acquires more than two-thirds of the votes in the General Meeting of a public company.

If a person simultaneously exceeds more than one of the thresholds referred to above, within 14 days of the relevant acquisition, or within one month of the registration of the reorganisation or decrease of the capital exceeding the lowest threshold, such person must register a single tender offer. The tender offer registration time limit is the period that would expire first, if an obligation arose to file separate tender offers upon exceeding each threshold.

In both public and private M&A transactions, cash consideration is the principle. In public M&A transactions, the law also provides the opportunity for the bidder to offer to the rest of the shareholders, instead of cash, exchange of the acquired shares for shares which will be issued by the bidder for this purpose.

In private M&A transactions, combined consideration of cash and equity is sometimes also applied, especially if the acquirer is a public company (or has a parent company which is publicly traded), or if the management of the target is also the seller or one of the sellers (used as an incentive for the management to continue working for the target). The latter mechanism is also applied to bridge the gap in a deal environment or industry with high valuation uncertainty, together with other tools, such as closing accounts.

The law does not regulate the possibility to include conditions in a takeover offer. Based on the legal framework, we may conclude that a takeover offer is to be unconditional. Exceptions are possible to the extent that a competition clearance or other type of regulatory approval is required for the takeover.

As noted in 6.4 Common Conditions for a Takeover Offer, mandatory offers cannot be subject to conditions, save for the conditions for obtainment of regulatory clearance. Furthermore, in those cases where a person holding at least 5% of the votes in the General Meeting of any public company seeks to acquire more than one-third of the votes in the General Meeting of said company, that person may publish a tender offer to all voting shareholders – but in such case the offeror is obliged to purchase or to exchange, as the case may be, all voting shares held by any shareholder that has accepted the offer. Purely voluntary offers may contain conditions for any minimum threshold of acceptance.

The relevant control thresholds in respect of Bulgarian public companies are:

• A shareholder of more than one-third, more than 50% or more than two-thirds of the votes in the General Meeting of a public company is obliged to make a tender offer to the voting shareholders for purchase of their shares;
• The holding of more than 50% of the votes in the General Meeting enables a shareholder to take most of the decisions in the General Meeting, including electing members of the Board of Directors or the Supervisory Board, which, in turn, elects the Managing Board’s members, adoption of the annual financial statements and distribution of dividends, amending the statutes of the public company, etc;
• The holding of two-thirds of the votes present at the General Meeting enables a shareholder to make the decision to delist the public company from the regulated market subject to certain conditions; and
• The holding of three-quarters of the votes present at the General Meeting enables a shareholder to make the decision to conclude transactions which involve disposal or acquisition of a certain percentage of the company’s assets or enter into a joint venture contract.

In private M&A transactions, the securing of financing may be included in the transaction documents as a condition (condition precedent) to completion of the transaction. However, the sellers would rarely agree to such a condition.

In public M&A transactions, the tender offer can be made only after providing an opportunity for full payment or exchange of the shares to the shareholders that have accepted the offer. Furthermore, the tender offer must contain the terms and conditions under which the offeror is to finance the acquisition of the shares and provide proof of availability of the resources necessary for the purchase, or of the securities necessary for the exchange.

Security measures in M&A transactions may be negotiated during any stage of the deal process, to the extent that they do not contradict the law or morals. Outside the security measures which represent collaterals in the strict sense of that concept (such as participation bonds in the form of bank guarantees or pledges) and which are listed in the law, the parties may negotiate other provisions which provide certain security to one of the parties as to the safeguarding of its interest. Examples of such provisions are exclusivity clauses, standstill obligations, break-up fees and non-solicitation provisions. No new contractual tools were developed to manage the pandemic risk and this risk is no longer of serious consideration, since the pandemic is no longer as serious a threat to the public health as it used to be. In addition, there have not been any changes to the regulatory environment that have impacted the length of the interim periods.

If the shares in a company are held by at least two shareholders, additional governing rights may be negotiated in a shareholder agreement. Such rights may include the right to appoint a certain number of Board members (including members with certain functions, eg, CFO, COO, etc). The additional governance rights may comprise certain minimum quorum and majority requirements (including veto rights) in the Boards and the General Meeting, which are higher than the requirements under the law. Most of those additional rights, in order to be enforceable, must be replicated in the company’s by-laws (articles of association, deed of incorporation, statutes). However, not all additional governance rights may be replicated in the company’s by-laws, in which case only contractual remedies, such as liquidated damages, may be used to make them enforceable towards the counterparty to the shareholder agreement.

Voting by proxy in the General Meeting is allowed. The power of attorney must be issued in writing. The members of the Boards cannot represent a shareholder, except in the General Meeting of public companies where the shareholder has expressly stated the way of voting on each item on the agenda. In addition to being issued in writing, the power of attorney for voting in the General Meeting of Shareholders in a public company must have the contents provided by the law. The public company may pose additional formal requirements to the authorisation, such as notarisation of the signatures under the power of attorney. The public company must provide a template of the written power of attorney on paper or electronically, where applicable, together with the materials for the General Meeting. A person willing to represent a shareholder/shareholders holding more than 5% of the voting rights in a public company must publish an offer in a central newspaper and send the offer to each shareholder to whom it is addressed. The offer must have content predetermined by law.

Bulgarian law allows a squeeze-out right to any person that acquires, whether directly, through related parties, or indirectly, more than 90% of the votes in the General Meeting of a public company. Such person has the right to register a tender offer for purchase of the shares held by the rest of the shareholders. If such person fails to register a tender offer within 14 days after the acquisition of 90% of the votes in the General Meeting, the same is obligated to notify the shareholders, the regulated market and the Financial Supervision Commission of its intention to register a tender offer at least three months in advance. A special case of squeeze-out mechanism is applied when a person that, as a result of a tender offer, acquires directly, through related parties or indirectly at least 95% of the votes in the General Meeting of a public company. In such case, the relevant person has the right, within three months of the term of the tender offer, to purchase the voting shares from the remaining shareholders that did not accept the tender offer. The proposed purchase must be approved by the Financial Supervision Commission.

The obtaining of irrevocable commitments to tender or vote by principal shareholders in a company is seldom used in practice in Bulgaria. However, there are sound legal and corporate strategy arguments for obtaining such commitments.

Takeover bids, whether mandatory or voluntary for the other shareholders in public companies, must be registered with the Financial Supervision Commission. The tender offer is effected through an investment firm, using the opportunities for remote acceptance of the tender offer through the central securities depository. Once a tender offer is registered with the Commission, it may be published, unless the Commission issues a temporary prohibition within 20 business days. Any failure of the Commission to deliver a decision within the said term of 20 business days is presumed to be tacit approval of the tender offer concerned. On the day of the registration, the bidder is obligated to submit the offer that has been made to the management body of the public company subject to the tender offer to the representatives of its employees or, where there are no such representatives, to the employees themselves, as well as to the regulated market on which the shares in the relevant public company are traded. Any such notices must expressly state that the Commission has not yet issued a decision on the tender offer. If the Commission does not issue a final prohibition against the publication of an offer within the statutory deadlines, the bidder may publish the said offer. Within three business days of the expiry of the time limits, the bidder must publish a notification of the tender offer and the material conditions thereof in a national daily newspaper or on the website of a news agency or other media which can ensure the effective dissemination of the regulated information to the public in all Member States, and shall submit the final version of the tender offer to the public company and to the regulated market on which the shares are admitted to trading. The public company, the investment intermediary, and the regulated market on which the public company’s shares are traded must disclose the tender offer on their websites within the time limit for acceptance of the said offer, and the public company must also make a disclosure of the position of the public company’s management body on the offer.

The offer document must contain the offered price for the shares and/or the ratio of exchange of the shares offered in exchange for the shares of the public company subject to acquisition, the issue price, and particulars of the rights attaching to the shares offered as a consideration. Details must be provided about the key information necessary, so that the shareholders to whom the tender offer is addressed can understand the substance of the bidder’s business and the features of the securities proposed for exchange, and also any risks associated with the bidder and the securities, in cases where an exchange of securities is also proposed. The tender offer must include a justification of the proposed price or of the proposed rate of exchange. The justification should name the fair price per share in the company, calculated on the basis of generally accepted valuation methods. The contents of the justification and the requirements for the valuation methods are regulated in a special ordinance.

If the bidder offers shares issued by it in exchange for the shares subject to the offer, the bidder must provide financial and other information which is normally contained in its financial statements. Although this is not explicitly stated in the law, the most reliable financial information about the bidder will be contained in the financial statements prepared in the form required by the law.

The transaction documents that are to be disclosed in public M&A deals are listed in the law. In private M&A transactions, some of the documents may need to be disclosed to the commercial registry pertaining to the relevant registration which the law requires, such as the notarised transfer deeds for shares in limited liability companies and the endorsement of the share certificates if the target is a single-shareholder joint-stock company.

Bulgarian directors have a fiduciary duty to both the company and its shareholders (although in some cases they may have conflicting interests). In the context of an M&A deal, the directors of the target would most often be required to prepare the disclosure of the information during the due diligence process (of particular importance when the seller is a private equity fund. Furthermore, the directors could be required in such context to give some representations and warranties, including against compensation. During the acquisition process, they are to continue managing the company in the ordinary course of business and with the diligence and loyalty to the target company and its shareholders as required by the law. In public M&A transactions, upon receipt of the tender offer and until publication of the results of the tender offer, or until closing of the said offer, as the case may be, the management body of the target company may not perform any acts, save for seeking a competitive tender offer, that aim at frustration of the acceptance of the tender offer or infliction of material difficulties or material additional expenses on the bidder, such as issue of shares or conclusion of transactions, which would result in a significant change in the property of the target company, unless said acts are performed with the prior approval of the General Meeting of the offeree company.

It is not common in Bulgaria for the Boards to establish special or ad hoc committees in business combinations or in case of a conflict of interest. Conflicted members of the Board must refrain from voting or even participating in the meeting.

A concept similar to the “business judgement rule” is introduced in the Bulgarian criminal law – the concept of justified business risk. Thus a director or manager shall not be prosecuted if his/her actions were aimed at achieving a substantially positive result or to prevent the occurrence of considerable damages, provided those actions were not in breach of an explicit legal prohibition, complied with modern scientific and technical achievements and experience, and did not endanger the life and health of another, and provided the director or manager did everything within his/her capacity to avert the occurrence of harmful consequences. In deciding whether the risk was justified, the court must take into consideration the correlation between the expected positive result and the eventual negative consequences, as well as the probability of their occurrence. This concept aims at protecting the directors from criminal prosecution and to encourage them to use reasonable business judgement. Directors in Bulgaria may have a more active and important role in the case of a tender offer where they are expected to issue an option on certain aspects of the tender offer and have the right to seek a competitive tender offer. In those cases, they will be expected to exercise their reasonable business judgement on the basis of proper information and following the required procedures.

The directors in a business combination may seek advice from outside consultants relating to the performance of their duties towards the shareholders and the target company. Quite often, in deals involving private equity funds as buyers, for example, the directors are offered continuation of their directorship, various incentive schemes, participation in the target/acquirer, etc, so in those cases it is quite typical to see them using lawyers, employment and tax advisers.

The law provides for obligations for the directors to avoid or mitigate conflict of interest situations. As a rule, should a conflict occur, the director is required to report it to the Board and is prohibited from participating in further deliberations or voting on the subject. However, disputes relating to conflicts of interest rarely end up in court.

Bulgarian law does not provide for the classification of takeovers that may be defined as friendly or hostile.

As mentioned in 8.1 Principal Directors’ Duties, the management body of the target company may not perform any acts aiming at frustration of the acceptance of the tender offer or infliction of material difficulties or material additional expenses on the bidder. However, the directors are expected to issue a motivated statement on certain aspects of the tender offer, and as mentioned in 7.1 Making a Bid Public, the public company is to make a disclosure of such statement. In addition, the management body may seek a competitive tender offer containing more favourable terms. Hence, the management body has its means to oppose to a takeover attempt, should, in its motivated view, this be in the interests of the company and the shareholders.

The most common defensive measure is the entitlement of the management body to search for an alternative, more favourable tender offer and to express negative views on the presented tender offer.

Upon enacting defensive measures, the directors must comply with the law. Within seven days after receipt of any tender offer, the management body of the affected company must present a reasoned opinion on the proposed transaction to the Financial Supervision Commission, to the bidder, and to the representatives of the employees, or, where there are no such representatives, to the employees themselves, inter alia as to the repercussions on the company and the employees from accepting the tender offer and the strategic plans of the bidder for the offeree company and their likely implications for the employees and the place of business.

In taking defensive measures, the general obligations of the directors of due care and loyalty to the company and to the shareholders still apply.

The directors are not entitled to “just say no”. However, they can influence the takeover process by seeking an alternative, more favourable offer or by delivering a well-justified and convincing negative opinion on the takeover.

Litigation relating to M&A deals is not frequent. Prudent parties, especially in private M&A deals, would typically agree on reasonable protective measures aiming at sparing unnecessary court disputes (eg, reasonable de minimis and basket amounts). During the recent years, we have been seeing more and more cases of representation and warranties insurance, thus further reducing, if not eliminating, the risk of litigation between the parties to the deal. Another factor that may influence a decision to litigate is the cost. Apparently small amounts of damages, which could be even lower than the cost of the litigation (if not caught by a de minimis clause), would not justify the commercial and administrative effort to start a lengthy and expensive trial with uncertain outcome. The larger the damage (especially in a sizeable M&A transaction), the higher the likelihood of litigation, since the parties tend to accept the higher costs of those proceedings in such cases, yet, again, cases of M&A-related litigation in Bulgaria are very rare.

Most litigations occur after closing. They are mainly connected with untrue representations and warranties, or with calculation of the price, in the cases in which adjustments may be applied. Potentially, a litigation is possible in case of breach of the pre-contractual obligations: in Bulgaria, parties (i) have the statutory obligation to conduct the negotiations in good faith, (ii) may enjoy exclusivity rights under a contract or (iii) may have their contractual non-disclosure right breached, yet given the complexity of the litigation process these cases would be difficult to conduct.

Only a few transactions failed due to the pandemic and the lockdowns in Bulgaria in early 2020. Since such deal failures never became common, there are no notable lessons to be learned with regard to “broken deal” disputes during the pandemic.

In Bulgaria, shareholder activism is not common. When it exists, it is focused on the selection of subcontractors of the company, related parties’ agreements, conflicts of interest of the managing bodies, protection of consumer rights and social responsibility.

Activists may encourage a company to enter M&A transactions, if that will make the company more socially responsible. Shareholder activism was not affected by the pandemic.

Shareholder activists may seek to interfere with the completion of announced transactions in Bulgaria, if this will help them to achieve their goals.