Contributed By Russell McVeagh
Current Energy Mix
The current share of renewable energy in New Zealand’s energy mix is higher than in most OECD countries. In 2023, approximately 43% of primary energy supply and 30% of final energy consumption came from renewable sources, according to the Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment (MBIE).
The share of renewable energy in electricity generation is significantly higher than this. In 2024, renewable energy accounted for approximately 86% of the electricity generated in New Zealand.
This high proportion of renewable energy generation is, in large part, representative of the favourable geography of New Zealand, which includes consistent rainfall and wind and access to geothermal resources.
The Energy Transition Ahead
Against this backdrop, the focus of New Zealand’s energy transition in the coming years is likely to involve the following:
New Zealand’s Net Zero Target
New Zealand set a domestic “Net Zero by 2050” target under the Climate Change Response Act 2002 (CCRA) for all greenhouse gases other than biogenic methane. Under the CCRA, the government is required to prepare five-yearly emissions budgets and produce emissions reduction plans that set out the proposed policies for meeting each emissions budget.
Any sector-specific emissions reduction targets are decided by the government of the day as a matter of policy. In relation to renewable energy, the current government has committed to doubling generation from renewable energy sources by 2050.
Oil and Gas
The role of oil and gas in New Zealand’s energy future is a matter of debate across the political spectrum. The current government has reversed the previous government’s ban on new oil and gas exploration. The cited reasons for the reversal include the need to address energy security challenges and regional economic development opportunities.
The vast majority of electricity in New Zealand is generated from renewable sources (86% in 2024). See 3.1 Electricity for a breakdown of generation between different renewable energy sources.
Hydroelectric and geothermal generation are hugely important to New Zealand’s current generation capacity. Looking ahead, as electricity is increasingly used in place of fossil fuels and electricity demand increases generally, MBIE predicts that significant new generation capacity will be required. New wind and solar projects are expected to play a large role in helping to meet this increase in demand.
In addition, activity in battery energy storage systems (BESS) and green hydrogen projects is also expected to increase. See 1.3 Renewable Energy Market and Recent Developments and 4.1 Electricity for further information.
Tiwai Point and Demand Response
In 2024, long-term agreements were signed to supply 572 MW of renewable energy to the Tiwai Point Aluminium Smelter (Tiwai Point), New Zealand’s sole aluminium smelter. Tiwai Point, which is owned by New Zealand Aluminium Smelter (NZAS), is the largest user of New Zealand’s electricity and accounted for 12.14% of New Zealand’s annual demand in 2023.
For some time prior to this, there had been material uncertainty as to whether NZAS might ultimately carry through with past threats to close Tiwai Point. The signing of the 20-year agreements with NZAS brought comfort to renewable energy developers regarding the continued existence of a large proportion of New Zealand’s total load. Meridian Energy Limited (Meridian), Mercury Energy Limited (Mercury) and Contact Energy Limited (Contact) were the providers of the new agreements.
In conjunction with these long-term agreements, Meridian and Contact also entered into demand response agreements with NZAS, under which NZAS may be called upon to reduce electricity consumption up to an agreed limit.
The risk of electricity shortages in New Zealand increases during long periods of low rainfall, given the resulting impact that this has on lake inflows for New Zealand’s hydroelectric dams. Large demand response agreements such as these can help to alleviate the level of stress on the system, and/or reduce the quantity of coal reserves that may need to be burned, during such times.
Development of BESS Projects
There has been a significant recent increase in the development of grid-scale BESS in New Zealand over the past 12 months. Some recent project developments include the following:
Corporate PPAs
New Zealand does not have any subsidy, tax deduction or contract for difference regimes for renewable energy projects. Accordingly, the sourcing of a power purchase agreement (PPA) for power offtake is a critical workstream for many developers. Corporate PPAs are becoming more common in New Zealand, as to which see 5.5 Renewable Energy Certificates and (Corporate) Power Purchase Agreements.
Interest From International Capital
New Zealand is seeing increased interest from global infrastructure investors in the build-out and ownership of renewable energy projects. In particular, as independent developers progress their pipelines, opportunities are arising for investors to participate in capital raises and M&A transactions in this sector. International investors and developers are also looking to form strong partnerships with relevant local participants. By way of example, in August 2025, Mint Renewables and Ngāi Tahu Holdings (the investment arm of the Ngāi Tahu iwi (Māori tribe)) announced a partnership to invest NZD100 million in large-scale wind and solar projects across the South Island.
Legal and Regulatory Framework
The principal laws and regulations governing the energy market in New Zealand are summarised in broad terms below:
Upcoming Legislative Changes
The government plans to replace the RMA with two new acts. The Natural Environment Act will focus on the use, protection, and enhancement of the natural environment. The Planning Act will focus on land-use planning to enable development and infrastructure. A dual-act approach is proposed to reduce overlap and to provide a clearer framework for managing environmental effects. The government anticipates introducing these Bills to Parliament in late 2025 and passing them into law in mid-2026.
The government also plans to enact the Offshore Renewable Energy Bill later in 2025, which will provide a framework for selecting and managing offshore renewable energy developments. The proposed regime creates a two-stage permitting regime and sets requirements around consultation, decommissioning, and financial security. Permit holders can apply for consents under the RMA, EEZ Act or Fast-Track Approvals Act 2024 (see 6.2 Offshore Project Development).
MBIE is New Zealand’s primary government department overseeing and delivering regulation and policies for the energy sector (including renewables). The Ministry for the Environment (MfE) advises the government on environmental matters and related legislation such as the RMA.
Regulatory and quasi-regulatory agencies and authorities in the energy sector include:
The regulatory enforcement powers of certain of the above authorities (not including the Gas Industry Co or the EECA) are outlined below:
Resource Consenting
The use and development of physical and natural resources in New Zealand is regulated under the RMA. Territorial, regional and district authorities implement regional and district plans which operate as “rulebooks” for land use, including for energy and renewable energy activities (eg, solar farms or wind farms). Generally, resource consent is required for renewable energy projects in New Zealand, although this can differ between regions or districts.
Land use consents for solar and wind farm projects are generally granted for indefinite periods. On the other hand, renewable energy projects using hydro, geothermal or marine resources have limited duration consents of up to 35 years (meaning that consent renewal is required for the continuation of operations beyond consent expiry).
Other Approvals and Registrations
In addition to the RMA, renewable energy projects may require approvals or registration under other legislation, such as:
Hydrogen is an approved hazardous substance with controls enforced by the EPA and regulated under the HSNO Act and the Health and Safety at Work Act 2015. Similarly, most biogases, such as methane, are categorised as approved hazardous substances that are also subject to controls as enforced by the EPA.
Onshore Renewable Energy Assets
There are no specific restrictions on the types of persons that may own onshore renewable energy assets in New Zealand, although certain restrictions and/or requirements may be triggered on the transfer of ownership interests in such assets. In particular:
Offshore Renewable Energy Assets
The government is currently progressing a regulatory regime for offshore renewable energy assets under the Offshore Renewable Energy Bill; see 2.1 Governing Law and Upcoming Changes. Under the proposed regime, developers will be required to obtain permits to undertake offshore renewable energy activities. The proposed regime will also include restrictions on transferring these permits, which will require the permit holder and proposed transferee to jointly apply to the Minister to approve the transfer. Noting that permit holders will, in many cases, be established as special-purpose project vehicles, changes in the persons that have “significant influence over the permit holder” (which, in summary, would capture a person with control of more than 25% of the governing body of or voting rights in the permit holder) will, under the proposed Bill, also require Minister approval.
OIO Consent Requirement
Investment in the renewable energy market in New Zealand by foreign investors may trigger a requirement for consent under the OIA. The OIA sets out New Zealand’s regulatory regime for investment by “overseas persons” in “sensitive land“ and/or “significant business assets”, and which investments must be approved by the OIO.
A foreign investor will be an “overseas person” under the OIA if they are a person or an entity that is domiciled, or owned by a person or an entity domiciled, outside New Zealand. New Zealand-registered entities are also classified as overseas persons where more than 25% of their ownership or control interests are held by overseas persons.
Renewable energy transactions that involve the following factors are likely to trigger the requirement for OIO consent:
OIO Consent Pathways
The following OIO consent pathways apply where consent is required under the two bullet points above:
The government has recently announced a series of reforms of the OIA, which are expected to come into force in early 2026. If enacted as proposed, the reforms will (among other things) reduce the OIO’s review period for low-risk transactions.
Strategically Important Businesses
Notification to the Minister of Finance, via the OIO, can also be mandatory or voluntary for certain transactions that are less than the NZD100 million threshold but involve “strategically important businesses”. The Minister of Finance can also call in such transactions relating to strategically important businesses (which include a business involved in electricity generation with a total capacity exceeding 250 MW) for review, and block, impose conditions on, or unwind them, if the Minister considers the transactions pose a significant risk to New Zealand’s national security or public order.
Renewable Energy Generation
Generation from renewable energy in New Zealand is concentrated in the following sources:
The proportions of generation represented by onshore wind and solar respectively are expected to increase in the coming years, as new wind and solar projects are constructed in response to the anticipated growth in demand for electricity.
Renewable Energy Generators
The generation of electricity from renewable sources in New Zealand involves the following generators:
Regulation
Electricity generation in New Zealand is regulated primarily by the Electricity Industry Act and the Code. See 5.1 Electricity and 5.5 Renewable Energy Certificates and (Corporate) Power Purchase Agreements for information in relation to New Zealand’s electricity wholesale market, electricity futures market and private PPA market.
Renewable Gas
New Zealand’s current production of gas from renewable sources is at an early stage and is concentrated into four main sources:
Regulatory Regime
Gas Industry Co jointly develops, with the Government, the regulations and rules governing the gas market in New Zealand. In the Gas Transition Plan Issues Paper from August 2023, the Gas Industry Co reported it was considering work to develop a regulatory framework and monitoring regime for renewable gas certification providers.
Geothermal
New Zealand has significant geothermal resources, which are predominantly utilised for electricity generation. These serve as a dependable renewable baseload in New Zealand, accounting for 20% of the country’s total electricity generation in 2024.
Hot water and steam from geothermal sources (including as a by-product of electricity generation) is to some extent used as process heat directly for industrial processes. The Kawerau Industrial Complex in the Bay of Plenty has industrial users located nearby to geothermal resources to make use of geoheat.
Geothermal resources are managed by the environmental consenting regime under the RMA. The RMA requires that no person can take, use, dam or divert water (including geothermal water) or heat or energy from geothermal water unless expressly allowed by a resource consent or a national, regional or district planning document. There are no current express allowances under any national planning documents, although some limited exceptions may apply under regional or district planning documents for small offtakes.
In July 2025, the government released a draft Geothermal Strategy to help unlock investment in the sector. The Geothermal Strategy set an ambitious target of doubling geothermal generation by 2040. The five key action plan goals are to:
Heat From Other Renewable Sources
New Zealand does not have large-scale district heating schemes within its urban areas. Some small-scale district heating schemes are operated, including in Christchurch. The Washdyke Energy Centre, which supplies steam to local industry in Timaru, transitioned to 100% sustainable biomass in April 2023. The Dunedin Energy Centre was also converted to run on biomass in 2023.
Green Hydrogen
New Zealand does not have a well-established industry for the production of green hydrogen. Nevertheless, considering the availability of renewable energy, New Zealand is well-placed for such an industry should markets for green hydrogen and ammonia offtake develop.
The government is actively working to improve the regulatory framework for green hydrogen. MBIE released the Hydrogen Action Plan in November 2024, which creates a strategy for unlocking private investment in the hydrogen sector. The Action Plan identifies establishing an enabling regulatory environment (including the reduction of consenting barriers) as critical to supporting hydrogen development.
Hiringa Energy Ltd (Hiringa) is a key player in green hydrogen in New Zealand. Hiringa is in the process of constructing green hydrogen production and refuelling infrastructure across New Zealand for hydrogen-powered trucks.
Biofuels
New Zealand’s biofuels industry is small. There are, however, a number of key players across different industries that are looking to use biofuels to decarbonise their operations, with a particular focus on biofuel production using residue from existing forestry and wood processing. In late 2024, Air New Zealand purchased its largest order of sustainable aviation fuel, securing more than 30 million litres.
Small-scale generation of renewable energy for own or domestic use in New Zealand is regulated on a district-by-district basis through district plans. Any restrictions will often depend on the size of the structure and the zoning of the land where it is located. As a rule of thumb, small-scale, behind-the-meter solar or wind generation can be undertaken without resource consents. However, the need for a resource consent can depend on factors such as the size and mounting specifications for solar or the type of turbine for wind. Often, building consent will still be required, for example, if solar panels or wind turbines are mounted on an existing building. However, in June 2025, the government proposed changes to the Building Act 2004 that would remove the requirement for building consent when installing rooftop solar panels on existing residential buildings. As a further incentive, it was also proposed that building consents for new homes with solar panels must be processed by councils within ten working days, reduced from the previous 20-day standard.
Additional compliance requirements need to be met should a small-scale energy producer connect to the grid or a local network to sell power.
Transportation
In New Zealand, electricity is transmitted via the grid and distributed to end users via local networks.
The grid is managed by system operator and state-owned enterprise, Transpower. Transpower is required to operate and maintain the grid and oversee the transmission of electricity across New Zealand, ensuring that electricity transmission is safe, reliable and cost-effective.
The local networks in New Zealand are owned and managed by 29 electricity distribution businesses (EDBs).
Transpower charges the EDBs (and other users of the grid) a fee to use the grid. This fee is typically passed on from the EDBs to the retailers, together with distribution pricing that the EDBs themselves charge in respect of their own networks. Retailers pass these costs onto the end users via the electricity price they charge.
The Commerce Commission regulates the maximum revenue that Transpower and the EDBs (other EDBs that are consumer-owned) may earn over a set period (typically five years).
The Electricity Authority regulates the way in which Transpower charges its customers and the reliability and service levels required to be maintained by Transpower. The Electricity Authority is responsible for ensuring that EDBs comply with the Code and publishes distribution pricing principles applicable to EDBs.
In an effort to establish more efficient connection pricing, the EA has announced four new mandatory Code-based requirements for EDBs: enhancement cost allocation, network capacity costing, a pioneer scheme, and connection charge reconciliation. These measures are designed to improve the transparency, consistency, and efficiency of connection pricing by requiring EDBs to apply standardised methodologies. The new rules will apply to connection quotes received from 1 April 2026, except the enhancement cost allocation requirement, which takes effect from 1 April 2027.
Storage
It is expected that BESS will become increasingly relevant as New Zealand moves closer to 100% renewable electricity generation. The Electricity Authority has determined to improve current market settings to better facilitate the development of BESS. In particular, the Electricity Authority had identified that:
Following its 2024 consultation paper, the Electricity Authority released a draft two-year BESS regulatory roadmap in June 2025, which outlined a comprehensive programme of work to support BESS investment and integration. Key initiatives include:
Security of Supply and Winter Peak Demand
Security of supply in New Zealand’s electricity system is becoming increasingly important, given the continued transition to higher proportions of intermittent renewable generation sources.
During winter months, it can at times become challenging to co-ordinate generation resources to meet peak demand in New Zealand. Managing this issue is a focus area for the Electricity Authority, as set out in its July 2025 roadmap, which outlines initiatives to accelerate BESS investment and integration (see 4.1 Electricity). Demand response agreements have also become an important tool to handle supply security issues during winter (see 4.1 Electricity).
Transpower (as system operator) is responsible for managing New Zealand’s security of supply; this includes the provision of information to the market (such as supply forecasting), as well as managing supply emergencies. If Transpower considers that the electricity market will be unable to meet demand, it has various powers it is able to invoke, including to require that contingent hydro storage be utilised as a fuel of last resort or to make a “supply shortage declaration” (as specified in the Code). When this declaration is made, Transpower may require specified participants (eg, EDBs) to reduce electricity consumption by implementing outages or taking any other action specified.
Transpower can also issue different notices to encourage voluntary curtailment where it foresees a potential supply emergency (eg, for potential shortfalls, low residuals, forecast deficits, or real-time deficits).
Grid Congestion
The Grid is operated on open access principles, which allows developers to request to build and connect at any location on a “first ready, first served” basis and means that Transpower may connect subsequent generation in the same area (provided that Transpower’s ability to operate the power system is not compromised). Developers of new projects are required to consider the risk of other nearby projects coming online, and the impact on congestion on relevant transmission infrastructure.
Managing Intermittent Supply
The Electricity Authority released a consultation paper in 2024 on the future operation of New Zealand’s power system, which considered potential solutions for managing intermittent supply and electricity capacity issues. Proposed solutions included:
New Zealand’s bulk natural gas transmission network is privately owned by First Gas Limited (First Gas) and includes over 2,500 km of high-pressure gas pipelines. First Gas, Powerco Limited and others also own gas distribution networks that deliver gas to residential, commercial, and industrial end users in the North Island. As discussed in section 5.2 Gas, renewable gas (biomethane) is now being injected into the public gas grid and transported through the distribution network.
As noted in 3.3 Heat, there are no large-scale district heating or heat grids operated in New Zealand. Small-scale district heating regimes are typically privately owned, with customers being supplied steam and other services under individual supply contracts.
Green Hydrogen
New Zealand does not have a meaningful transportation network for green hydrogen.
MBIE’s Interim Hydrogen Roadmap outlined several options for the future transportation and storage of hydrogen. In relation to transportation:
Key players in the hydrogen-fuelled vehicle sector include Hiringa (see 3.4 Hydrogen and Other Biofuels and Renewables) and H.W Richardson (HWR). HWR is New Zealand’s largest privately owned transport business and is invested in dual-fuel hydrogen technology, with a particular focus on dual-fuel truck fleets and a hydrogen refuelling network. Fabrum Solutions Limited is also well respected as a leader in liquid hydrogen liquefaction storage and fuel tanks in small to medium volumes.
As mentioned in 3.4 Hydrogen and Other Biofuels and Renewables, the regulatory framework for green hydrogen is being developed, however, in the meantime, the current regime for renewable energy generation will be relevant (see 2.1 Governing Law and Upcoming Changes) and the HSNO will apply (see 2.3 Regulated Activities).
Biofuels
Generally, the transportation or storage of any biofuel classed as a hazardous substance, such as bioethanol or bio/mineral diesel blends, is subject to controls and requirements that are regulated under the HSNO Act and the Health and Safety at Work (Hazardous Substances) Regulations 2017.
Wholesale and Retail Markets
The trade of electricity (including renewable electricity) between generators and retailers in New Zealand occurs via the wholesale market. In order to participate in the wholesale market, generators must make offers to the system operator (being Transpower) to supply a certain amount of electricity, at a particular pricing node, at a proposed price in auctions run at 30-minute intervals in the future. Transpower will select the lowest-cost offers that can satisfy demand whilst ensuring reliability of supply, taking into account a range of factors (including distance between the location of the generator and the electricity demand). All generators that are dispatched receive the same clearing price.
Electricity retailers purchase electricity at wholesale prices and supply their customers with the electricity they need. The cost that retailers charge their customers for electricity typically includes the costs of transmission and distribution.
Electricity Futures Market
Market participants are able to hedge their financial risk of electricity price movements (over up to the next three calendar years) via the electricity futures market, operated by the Australian Securities Exchange. This market allows participants to enter into electricity futures contracts against the Ōtāhuhu Grid reference node and the Benmore Grid reference node on a cash-settled basis.
PPAs
Subsidies or contracts for difference are not available to generators in New Zealand to support the development of new renewable energy projects. Accordingly, if developers require long-term pricing certainty for all or any part of the electricity to be produced by a proposed project, they must independently procure and negotiate a satisfactory offtake contract themselves (see 5.5 Renewable Energy Certificates and (Corporate) Power Purchase Agreements).
New Zealand does not have a significant market for the trade of renewable gas. However, the renewable gas market in New Zealand is seeing notable early developments.
The First Renewables biogas upgrade facility, drawing feedstock from the Ecogas organics processing site in Reporoa, is now in operation. This facility is expected to supply enough biomethane to power up to 7,200 homes. This milestone marks the first time biogas has been distributed commercially through New Zealand’s gas network.
The domestic market for the supply of heat from renewable sources is largely limited to individual supply contracts between generators and consumers, such as the Pita Te Hori District Energy Scheme or the Dunedin District Energy Centre.
Hydrogen
As mentioned in 3.4 Hydrogen and Other Biofuels and Renewables, Hiringa is in the process of developing a green hydrogen refuelling network across New Zealand, which will allow heavy-duty transport vehicles to use green hydrogen instead of fossil fuels.
HWR introduced the first hydrogen-diesel dual-fuel truck in the Southern Hemisphere and is trialling dual-fuel trucks in its fleet. In respect of its refuelling network, HWR is utilising Allied Petroleum’s fuel stop network to distribute hydrogen as an alternative fuel by adding this capability to existing and new sites. To support the uptake of hydrogen transport technologies, the Energy Efficiency and Conservation Authority administered the Low Emissions Heavy Vehicle Fund in August 2024, which subsidises the cost of certain hydrogen vehicles and retrofits.
Biofuels
There is not a significant domestic market for the trade of biofuels in New Zealand.
RECS
New Zealand does not have a mandatory or regulated market for renewable energy certificates (RECs). BraveTrace and Energy Market Services (owned by Transpower) are providers of RECs in New Zealand. BraveTrace administers the New Zealand Energy Certificate System upon which a form of RECs (referred to as “NZ-ECs”) can be acquired. Energy Market Services issues International Renewable Energy Certificates (referred to as “I-RECs”) in New Zealand, which are governed by the International Renewable Energy Certificate Foundation.
Corporate PPAs
Developers of renewable energy projects are increasingly seeking to source corporate PPAs as a means of reducing merchant power price risk and with a view to raising project debt. This is particularly the case for independent developers who, unlike New Zealand’s gentailer-developers, do not have their own retail books to service.
Corporate PPAs are typically structured either as:
The key benefit of a PPA for a renewable energy generator is the revenue certainty it provides and the resulting de-risking of the investment case and ability to raise (or maximise the level of) project financing debt.
The key benefits of a PPA for a corporate buyer are as follows:
In recent years, the development of onshore renewable energy projects in New Zealand has predominantly been in wind, solar and geothermal. Development activity in BESS is also increasing, and several solar developers are pursuing projects in a manner that allows for the option of a co-located BESS to be installed at a later date.
A significant change in the onshore renewable energy market in recent years has been the large increase in the number of independent developers that are pursuing new solar projects in New Zealand. New Zealand now has a substantial pipeline of solar projects at various stages of development.
The following parties play a key role in the development of onshore renewable energy generation projects in New Zealand (in addition to the providers of equity and debt capital to the project):
Proposed Regulatory Regime
The offshore renewable energy market is still in its infancy in New Zealand. In Taranaki, there is opportunity for offshore wind to supplement the transition away from oil and gas exploration.
The Offshore Renewable Energy Bill will manage the regulatory system for offshore renewable energy. Once enacted, the first feasibility permits under this regime are expected to be granted from 2026.
The framework will follow a developer-led approach where developers select the sites for their applications (although the Minister will take the initiative of launching an application round for a specific geographic area). Feasibility permits are to be granted for up to seven years to undertake studies on the specified seabed area (on a “use it or lose it” basis). Feasibility permit holders will have the right to apply for a commercial permit to construct and operate the project. Commercial permits will have a duration of 40 years from the start date. For further information, see the New Zealand Trends & Developments chapter for Renewable Energy.
Potential Locations for Offshore Wind
Researchers and developers have identified Taranaki, Waikato and Southland as prime locations for offshore wind, due to the quality offshore wind and the relatively shallow seabed. Several developers have begun engaging with local communities and undertaking early feasibility work to understand New Zealand’s operating landscape and environment.
Development Considerations
There are a number of considerations that developers are focused on in relation to the development of offshore energy projects in New Zealand:
Key Features of Project Finance Structures for Renewable Energy
The project finance structure for renewable energy projects in New Zealand is usually very similar to the project finance structure for other asset types. In particular:
Key Legal Considerations
Key legal considerations for financiers that apply to renewable energy projects specifically include:
There are no specific rules or regulations that apply to the project financing of renewable energy projects in New Zealand (as opposed to the project financing of other asset types).
Subsidies and Incentive Schemes for Renewable Energy
New Zealand does not have any direct government incentive schemes aimed specifically at renewable energy, such tax deductions, subsidies or contracts for difference. The government signalled in its August 2024 policy decisions for the proposed new offshore wind (and other offshore renewable energy) regulatory regime that it does not intend to offer price support or stabilisation mechanisms.
The Emissions Trading Scheme (ETS)
The ETS, introduced in 2008, is the primary legislative tool intended to incentivise emissions reductions in New Zealand. The ETS is a “cap and trade” system, that imposes a price on each tonne of carbon dioxide equivalent emitted by participants. The ETS applies to all sectors and all gases (except for agricultural emissions). The ETS operates as a domestic-only system.
Under the ETS, mandatory participants are required to “surrender” one New Zealand Unit (NZU) for each tonne of carbon dioxide equivalent emitted. The ETS operates as a “net” scheme, in that certain removal activities (most notably, forestry) can earn NZUs, with one NZU available for each tonne of carbon dioxide equivalent sequestered. Participants in the ETS can acquire NZUs to meet surrender obligations in a number of ways:
The particular activities that trigger a person to be a mandatory participant in the ETS and to incur surrender obligations are defined in legislation and are subject to minimum thresholds. They include a wide range of activities across the forestry, liquid fossil fuels, stationary energy, industrial processes, synthetic gases and waste sectors.
Impact of the ETS
Because the ETS is a net scheme with emissions and removals treated on a “like for like” basis, the ETS has incentivised high rates of afforestation, especially in exotic species such as pinus radiata. The credits awarded for these projects can then be sold to mandatory participants for use in meeting emissions liabilities.
A surplus of NZUs in the system has kept prices low, which plays into decisions on whether it is cheaper to meet the emissions liability under the ETS or invest in decarbonisation initiatives. Despite the ETS undergoing numerous reforms since it was introduced in 2008, there remain questions about its effectiveness in incentivising the energy transition.
The cessation of renewable energy activities is regulated under the conditions of resource consents granted under the RMA for those activities. Conditions generally include requirements for decommissioning and site rehabilitation within specified timeframes. Bonds may also be required to be provided to ensure decommissioning is undertaken.
For offshore wind (and other offshore renewable energy technologies), commercial permit holders will be subject to decommissioning obligations that must be backed by one or more financial securities. Feasibility permit holders will, when applying for a commercial permit, be required to provide a decommissioning plan, a decommissioning cost estimate and a proposal on financial securities. The quantum of the financial securities will be determined by the Minister for Energy, based on the risk profile of the developer, and the Minister may adjust these requirements over time if required.
In summary, the significant future developments of renewable energy policy in New Zealand include the following:
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