Nigeria’s M&A market in 2025 reflected a more measured environment compared with 2024. While 2024 saw robust deal flow, particularly large upstream oil and gas divestments, and sustained activity in technology and financial services, 2025 has been characterised by more cautious capital deployment, heightened due diligence scrutiny and longer transaction timelines.

Energy transactions have continued, driven largely by the divestment programmes of international oil companies and the consolidation strategies of indigenous operators. In financial services, activity has been increasingly influenced by the recapitalisation programme introduced by the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) in 2024, with banks pursuing equity raises, strategic investors and, in some cases, merger discussions in advance of the 31 March 2026 compliance deadline.

Technology and fintech transactions have continued, albeit at more measured levels. Across sectors, investor appetite has shifted towards businesses with clearer revenue models, robust regulatory compliance frameworks and credible profitability timelines. In the technology and fintech space, this has translated into more structured minority investments, rather than expansion-led transactions focused primarily on rapid user growth.

Macroeconomic reforms implemented over the past two years, including foreign exchange market liberalisation measures, have contributed to relatively improved currency stability compared with the volatility experienced between 2022 and 2023. This has supported valuation negotiations and facilitated more predictable transaction structuring.

Overall, while aggregate deal volumes may not match the peaks observed in prior years, the market remains active, with investors demonstrating greater selectivity, structured risk allocation and enhanced regulatory sensitivity.

In 2025, Nigeria’s M&A landscape was shaped by strategic consolidation and repositioning across key industries.

In the energy and infrastructure space, continued portfolio optimisation and asset transfers to indigenous and specialised investors remained prominent. Heirs Energies’ acquisition of a substantial stake in Seplat Energy reflects ongoing consolidation by domestic operators. Similarly, Transgrid Enerco Limited’s acquisition of a majority stake in Eko Electricity Distribution Company indicates continued investor appetite in power distribution assets, particularly where operational restructuring may enhance efficiency and returns. Together, these transactions illustrate a broader shift towards increased participation in strategic infrastructure assets.

In financial services, regulatory-driven consolidation has been prominent. The completion of the merger between Union Bank of Nigeria and Titan Trust Bank represents a significant restructuring within the banking sector, indicative of evolving ownership structures within Nigeria’s banking industry. Minority and strategic stake acquisitions have also featured, such as NexaMont Company Limited’s acquisition of a 21% stake in Royal Exchange PLC, reflecting continued investor interest in targeted equity positions within regulated financial institutions.

Technology and fintech transactions have continued, albeit with heightened emphasis on governance, licensing and sustainable revenue models. Flutterwave’s acquisition of Mono Technologies Nigeria Limited highlights vertical integration within the payments and financial data ecosystem, enabling deeper control over infrastructure and data capabilities. In the regulated entertainment and consumer services space, Readen Holding Corporation’s acquisition of an 80% interest in Morrich Lottery Limited reflects investor interest in businesses with recurring revenue profiles and established operating platforms.

Across sectors, transactions in 2025 reflected ongoing consolidation and selective repositioning, particularly in segments such as energy and technology. Investors demonstrated continued interest in core strategic assets within a more pricing-sensitive and execution-conscious environment characterised by lower deal values and volumes.

In the past 12 months, significant M&A activity in Nigeria was recorded across oil and gas, financial services (including fintech), infrastructure and consumer goods, which accounted for the most substantial transactions by disclosed value, volume and overall market impact.

• Oil and gas: The oil and gas sector accounted for some of the highest disclosed transaction values in 2025. Most notably, the sale of TotalEnergies’ 12.5% non-operated interest in OML 118 (Bonga) to Shell Nigeria Exploration and Production Company and Nigerian Agip Exploration for approximately USD510 million ranked among the largest publicly disclosed transactions of the year. The scale of this deal underscores the continued significance of upstream oil and gas assets within Nigeria’s energy industry.
• Financial services: Financial services remained active by deal volume. Within the banking industry, the finalisation of the merger between Union Bank of Nigeria and Titan Trust Bank represented a key consolidation of legacy banking operations. The fintech industry also recorded notable activity, including C-One Ventures’ acquisition of Bankly, First Ally Capital’s acquisition of a 60% stake in Migo Nigeria, and Flutterwave’s acquisition of Mono. These transactions highlight continued investor interest in regulated financial and digital banking industries, particularly infrastructure that enables payments, credit and financial data services.
• Infrastructure: Infrastructure transactions featured prominently, particularly in the power and industrial supply-chain industries. Transgrid Enerco Limited’s acquisition of a 60% stake in Eko Electricity Distribution Company in a transaction valued at approximately NGN360 billion represents one of the most significant infrastructure deals of the year, underscoring sustained investor appetite for electricity distribution assets. In addition, Oak Heirs Limited’s acquisition of Air Liquide’s Nigerian operations reflects investment in industrial gas and related supply-chain infrastructure, illustrating continued activity in industries that support essential industrial services.
• Consumer goods: The consumer goods sector experienced material activity, most notably UAC of Nigeria Plc’s acquisition of CHI Limited from The Coca-Cola Company. The transaction expanded UAC’s footprint in Nigeria’s fast-moving consumer goods industry, particularly in juice and dairy categories, and illustrates the continued attractiveness of established consumer brands with strong distribution networks and recurring demand profiles.

Overall, oil and gas accounted for the largest disclosed deal values during the period, while the financial services, fintech, infrastructure and consumer goods sectors each recorded significant transactions that shaped Nigeria’s M&A activity over the past 12 months.

In Nigeria, acquisitions of private companies are typically structured as share purchases pursuant to share sale and purchase agreements or share subscriptions. Acquisitions of public companies are commonly implemented through court-sanctioned schemes of arrangement and schemes of merger. A scheme requires approval by at least 75% in value of the shares of members present and voting (in person or by proxy) at a court-ordered meeting. Following shareholder approval, the scheme must be sanctioned by the court, and the court order filed with the Corporate Affairs Commission (CAC) for it to become effective.

A company’s business may also be acquired through the acquisition of all or substantially all of its assets pursuant to an asset purchase agreement.

Generally, dealmakers’ chosen structure depends on various factors, including tax implications, cost implications, complexity, time constraints, stake size, strategic and business plans, acquirer’s risk appetite and regulatory constraints.

Share Acquisition

A share acquisition generally involves the acquisition of some or all of the shares of a target company. If it includes a subscription for shares, the acquisition would be between the acquirer and the company. If a share transfer is anticipated, the acquisition is between the acquirer and the relevant shareholder(s) of the target company. It could also involve a combination of share subscription and share transfer, in which case the acquirer contracts with the target company and the selling shareholder(s).

For publicly listed companies, shares can be acquired through the relevant securities exchange, private placement or takeover (mandatory or otherwise).

Private Placement

Public companies are permitted to issue securities to the public. However, they can issue shares to select investors through private placements, provided that they obtain prior approval from the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) and at least 75% of the company’s shareholders.

Takeover

A mandatory takeover offer obligation arises when (i) a person, whether by a series of transactions or not, intends to acquire shares representing 30% or more of a public company’s voting rights or (ii) a person, whether by a series of transactions or not, acting in concert with another, intends to acquire shares which taken together with the shares held, represent 30% or more of a public company’s voting rights. Generally, dealmakers’ chosen structure depends on various factors, including tax implications, cost implications, complexity, time constraints, stake size, strategic and business plans, acquirer’s risk appetite and regulatory constraints.

Asset Acquisition

An asset acquisition generally involves acquiring specific assets and rights, and in some cases, assuming certain liabilities of a company. In this structure, parties must identify and negotiate the specific assets the buyer will acquire, as assets do not automatically transfer to the buyer. The seller in an asset acquisition is the company itself, not its shareholders. An asset acquisition is executed through an asset sale agreement containing the specific details of the assets being acquired and the conditions under which they are transferred or acquired. Parties must ensure compliance with all formalities required for the transfer of specific assets, including regulatory consents, third-party consents, and transfer formalities for assets such as land and intellectual property rights.

If the asset acquisition constitutes a “major asset transaction” under the Companies and Allied Matters Act 2020 (“CAMA 2020”), shareholder approval of the target company is required. The default requirement is approval by at least 75% of the votes cast at a duly convened general meeting, unless the company’s articles of association provide that approval may be obtained by a simple majority of the votes cast. The CAMA 2020 defines a major asset transaction as (i) a purchase or other acquisition outside the usual course of a company’s business or (ii) a sale or transfer outside the usual course of a company’s business, of assets representing 50% or more of the book value of the company’s assets based on the most recent balance sheet, determined as at the date of the company’s decision to complete the transaction.

The primary regulators of M&A activity in Nigeria are:

• the Federal Competition and Consumer Protection Commission (FCCPC), which is the agency responsible for merger control and antitrust-related issues;
• SEC, which is the regulator of the capital markets and is involved with M&A involving public companies and their subsidiaries; and
• sector-specific regulators.

Non-Nigerian persons and companies are generally permitted to invest in all sectors and businesses in Nigeria, with the exception of the production of arms and ammunition; production of and dealing in drugs, narcotics and other psychotropic substances; the production of military and paramilitary wares and accoutrements; and such other items as determined by the Federal Executive Council from time to time.

However, there are certain sectors in which companies that are wholly owned by foreign investors cannot operate or which have local content regulations that prescribe minimum local content thresholds and incentives for Nigerian-controlled companies. Examples of such sectors include the oil and gas and aviation sectors.

In Nigeria, the generally applicable merger control framework is contained in the Federal Competition and Consumer Protection Act 2018 and the various regulations, guidelines and notices made pursuant to that statute.

Notification Threshold

Generally, a transaction resulting in a change in control of a Nigerian undertaking will require the prior approval of the FCCPC, if the notification threshold prescribed by the FCCPC is met. The Notice of Threshold for Merger Notification provides that a merger will require notification to the FCCPC if (i) the combined annual turnover of the acquiring undertaking and target undertaking in, into or from Nigeria equals or exceeds NGN1 billion (approximately USD720,000); or (ii) the annual turnover of the target undertaking in, into or from Nigeria equals or exceeds NGN500 million (approximately USD360,000).

Merger Reviews

First phase

Merger reviews are conducted in a two-stage process. In the first phase, the FCCPC will assess whether the transaction is likely to substantially prevent or reduce competition. If it is likely to, the parties will be allowed to offer remedies if the competition concerns are of a remediable nature. Upon completion of its review, the FCCPC will either approve the transaction unconditionally or subject to accepted remedies or, if the transaction still raises competition concerns, proceed to the second phase, in which it will undertake a second detailed review.

Second phase

In the second phase of its review, the FCCPC will consider whether there are any technological efficiencies or other pro-competitive gains, or public interest grounds, which are sufficient to offset the competition concerns. If the FCCPC makes a positive determination on either ground, it will approve the transaction subject to conditions which it deems appropriate; otherwise, the transaction will be refused.

There are various laws governing employment-related matters in Nigeria. These laws include:

• the Nigerian Labour Act;
• the Pensions Act;
• the Industrial Training Fund Act;
• the Employee Compensation Act; and
• the Trade Unions Act.

In addition to any mandatory provisions of these laws, the relationship between an employee and employer is regulated by contract. Therefore, an acquirer in an M&A transaction ought to be mindful of the target companies’ compliance with the employment-related laws and the relevant contracts of employment. It is usual for Nigerian companies to have standard terms of employment for staff, other than senior management staff.

Transfer of Employees

In an asset sale, employee consent is required for transferring employment from one employer to another. Where an employee qualifies as a “worker” under the Labour Act, the contract pursuant to which the employee is to be transferred to another employer must be endorsed by an authorised labour officer serving in the Federal Ministry of Labour.

In a share sale, there is no requirement to transfer employees, as only the ownership of the target company changes. There is also no requirement to obtain the consent of the employees to the share sale.

However, for merger control purposes, the FCCPC mandates parties to provide a copy of the merger notice to any registered trade unions, or employees or their representative(s) if no registered trade union exists.

There is no national security review of acquisitions in Nigeria.

Significant developments related to M&A in Nigeria in the past three years include the following.

Introduction of New Tax Laws

On 26 June 2025, the President signed four comprehensive tax reform statutes which became effective from 1 January 2026: the Nigeria Tax Act 2025 (NTA), the Nigeria Tax Administration Act 2025, the Nigeria Revenue Service (Establishment) Act 2025 and the Joint Revenue Board (Establishment) Act 2025. The NTA, in particular, harmonises Nigeria’s core tax framework and introduces significant changes affecting transaction structuring, exit planning and group reorganisations. Key developments include the following:

• Capital gains realised by companies are now calculated alongside income tax and taxed at the applicable income tax rate under the NTA. This effectively aligns the capital gains tax (CGT) rate with companies income tax, replacing the previous standalone 10% CGT regime.
• The taxation of capital gains arising from indirect disposals of shares where an offshore transaction results in a change in ownership structure or group membership of a Nigerian company or a change in ownership or interest in assets located in Nigeria, provided that within the 365 days preceding the disposal, at least 50% of the offshore asset is derived from Nigerian business operations or assets.
• A CGT exemption applies to the disposal of shares worth less than NGN150 million where the chargeable gain does not exceed NGN10 million within a 12-month period.
• A reinvestment relief under which CGT is not payable where proceeds from a share disposal are reinvested in shares of another Nigerian company within the same year of assessment.
• The exemption from CGT on disposals of investments in labelled start-ups by angel investors, venture capital funds, private equity funds, accelerators and incubators, subject to a minimum holding period of 24 months, which was previously contained in the Nigeria Startup Act 2022, has now been embedded in the NTA.

Investments and Securities Act 2025

The Investments and Securities Act 2025 (“ISA 2025”), enacted in March 2025, repeals and replaces the Investments and Securities Act 2007 (“ISA 2007”) and significantly expands the regulatory framework governing corporate transactions involving public companies and listed entities. In addition to mergers, acquisitions and takeovers, the ISA 2025 expressly brings a broader range of corporate restructurings within the regulatory purview of SEC. These include carve-outs, spin-offs, split-offs and other forms of operational restructuring, as well as the acquisition or disposal of assets that result in a significant change in the business direction or policy of a public company or any other listed entity, whether or not undertaken pursuant to a formal scheme, transaction or arrangement.

This expanded scope represents a material development from the ISA 2007, which did not expressly capture many of these restructuring transactions. As a result, public companies undertaking transformational transactions must now consider SEC oversight even where the transaction does not fall squarely within a traditional merger or takeover framework. The ISA 2025, therefore, materially broadens regulatory visibility into strategic corporate reorganisations and has important implications for deal structuring in Nigerian M&A.

Further, the ISA 2025 imposes explicit duties on acquirers and directors of target companies to act in good faith and treat all shareholders equitably. SEC review now emphasises adequate disclosure and fair participation of shareholders, aligning Nigerian practice more closely with international standards.

Recapitalisation Requirements for the Insurance and Pension Sectors

In 2025, regulatory reforms introduced significant recapitalisation obligations for financial sector intermediaries beyond the banking industry. The Nigerian Insurance Industry Reform Act 2025 (NIIRA), signed into law in July 2025, substantially increases minimum capital requirements for insurance operators. Under Section 15 of NIIRA, life insurance companies must maintain a minimum capital base of NGN10 billion, non‑life insurers NGN15 billion, composite insurers NGN25 billion and reinsurers NGN35 billion, with all operators required to meet the new thresholds by 30 July 2026. The NIIRA also transitions the sector to a risk‑based capital framework and empowers the National Insurance Commission to adopt further capital and risk adjustments tailored to individual risk profiles, strengthening solvency standards and overall sector resilience. Failure to meet the revised minimum capital requirements within the compliance period may attract regulatory sanctions, including forced mergers, licence revocation or liquidation, which is likely to drive consolidation within the sector.

In the pension industry, the National Pension Commission (PenCom) issued a circular in September 2025, pursuant to Sections 60, 62 and 115 of the Pension Reform Act 2014, revising the minimum capital base for licensed Pension Fund Administrators (PFAs) and Pension Fund Custodians (PFCs). Under the revised framework, the minimum capital for a new PFA licence is now NGN20 billion: PFAs with assets under management (AUM) above NGN500 billion must maintain NGN20 billion plus 1  % of the excess AUM; while PFAs with AUM below NGN500 billion must maintain NGN20 billion. PFCs must maintain a minimum capital of NGN25 billion plus 0.1 % of assets under custody. Existing operators were originally given until 31 December 2026 to comply with the new thresholds, but PenCom has extended the deadline to 30 June 2027 to provide additional flexibility and to ease compliance pressures. These capital requirement changes reflect a regulatory focus on strengthening operational resilience, aligning capital with risk exposure and enhancing investor protection across Nigeria’s pension industry.

CBN Recapitalisation Requirements

In March 2024, the CBN introduced a significant revision of the minimum capital requirements for commercial, merchant and non-interest banks. This reform aims to strengthen the financial sector and support Nigeria’s ambition of becoming a USD1 trillion economy by 2030.

Under the new framework, the minimum capital for commercial banks with international authorisation has increased from NGN50 billion to NGN500 billion, while national and regional banks must now meet capital thresholds of NGN200 billion and NGN50 billion, respectively. Similarly, merchant banks are required to raise their capital base to NGN50 billion, while non-interest banks must now meet revised minimums of NGN20 billion for national authorisation and NGN10 billion for regional operations.

Existing banks have until 31 March 2026 to comply with the new capital requirements, which must be met through paid-up share capital and share premium, excluding retained earnings and other reserves. Since the introduction of the framework in 2024, banks have been actively pursuing compliance strategies ahead of the 2026 deadline, including public offers, rights issues, private placements and mergers. As at 20 December 2025, 27 banks had raised capital through various transactions as part of their recapitalisation efforts and 16 of them had already met or exceeded the new capital thresholds.

As the compliance window narrows, the recapitalisation exercise continues to shape deal activity within the banking sector, with institutions considering strategic combinations and mergers and acquisitions as pathways to meeting the new thresholds.

CBN’s Revised Guidelines for the Nigerian Foreign Exchange Market

In furtherance of its efforts over the years to stabilise foreign exchange fluctuations and boost investor confidence, the CBN introduced the Revised Guidelines for the Nigerian Foreign Exchange Market in November 2024.

The new guidelines consolidate all FX windows into a unified system, redefine the roles of market participants, and introduce stricter compliance and transparency measures.

A key aspect of the reforms is the requirement for all FX transactions to be conducted through the Electronic Foreign Exchange Matching System, a centralised platform that ensures pricing transparency and real-time reporting. Additionally, authorised dealers and financial institutions are now subject to enhanced reporting obligations to prevent market distortions and ensure stability.

These reforms have significant implications for foreign investors and businesses. The move towards a more transparent and regulated FX market is expected to improve investor confidence, enhance liquidity and reduce market volatility. For M&A transactions and foreign investments, the revised framework provides a clearer structure for FX repatriation and currency conversions, reducing uncertainty in cross-border transactions. Investors previously concerned about FX liquidity and regulatory unpredictability may now find a more stable and transparent environment for capital flows, making Nigeria a more attractive investment destination.

Single-Shareholder Structure for Private Companies

A significant court decision was the Federal High Court’s ruling in Primetech Design and Engineering Nigeria Limited v Corporate Affairs Commission in July 2024. The case addressed the ambiguity surrounding Section 18(2) of the CAMA 2020, which permits private companies to have a single shareholder. The key issue was whether this provision applied only to companies incorporated after the enactment of the CAMA 2020 or also to pre-existing companies.

The CAC had interpreted the provision restrictively, asserting that only private companies incorporated under the CAMA 2020 could adopt a single-shareholder structure. However, the Court held that Section 18(2) applies to all private companies, regardless of their incorporation date. This ruling clarified that both new and pre-existing private companies can lawfully operate with a sole shareholder, resolving previous uncertainty on the matter.

This ruling introduces practical benefits for corporate restructuring and operational efficiency. Investors that were previously restricted to using nominee arrangements due to the CAC’s restrictive interpretation can now transition to a direct single-shareholder structure, enhancing transparency and simplifying ownership arrangements. Upon transitioning to a single-member structure, a company is exempt from the legal requirement to hold an annual general meeting, thereby eliminating associated costs. This reduction in compliance obligations and enhanced decision-making process makes single-shareholder companies an attractive option for investors seeking streamlined governance structures.

Revised Service Fee Schedule for Business Registration and Pioneer Status Incentive Applications

In September 2024, the Nigerian Investment Promotion Commission (NIPC) introduced a Revised Service Fee Schedule for business registration and Pioneer Status Incentive applications, marking a significant adjustment in the cost structure for investors seeking these approvals. The changes, which took effect from 1 October 2024, include increased application fees from NGN15,000 (approximately USD11) to NGN150,000 (approximately USD110), as well as the introduction of new charges, such as annual renewal fees of NGN50,000 (USD37) for business registrations and penalties for abandoned applications.

From 1 January 2025, companies with foreign participation are required to renew their NIPC registration annually by paying the prescribed fee. Failure to renew may result in a loss of registered status with the NIPC, which could impact a company’s ability to benefit from investment incentives and regulatory protections.

There have been no significant changes to takeover law in the past 12 months.

Under Nigerian law, stakebuilding prior to making a takeover bid or a mandatory offer is not prohibited and is not considered unusual.

Under Nigerian law, there are material shareholding disclosure thresholds and filing obligations under the CAMA 2020, the rules of SEC (“SEC Rules”) and the Rulebook of the Nigerian Exchange (NGX). Under the CAMA 2020, any person holding shares directly or indirectly in a public company that entitle them to exercise 5% of the unrestricted voting rights at a general meeting (a “Substantial Shareholder”) is required to give notice in writing to the company within 14 days of becoming aware that they are a Substantial Shareholder. Upon receipt of the notice, the company is required to also give notice to the CAC within 14 days.

Any person with significant control over a company is also required, within seven days, to give notice of this fact to the company, following which the company must itself give notice to the CAC within one month of receipt of the notice from the shareholder with significant control. A person with significant control is defined under the CAMA 2020 to include any person directly or indirectly holding at least 5% of the shares, interest or voting rights of a company or limited liability partnership (LLP); or holding the right to appoint or remove a majority of the directors or partners of a company or LLP; or having the right to exercise or actually exercising significant influence or control over a company or LLP.

SEC also mandates the disclosure of the particulars of holders of 5% or more of the shares of public companies to SEC and the NGX. The Rulebook of the NGX contains a similar disclosure requirement in relation to listed companies. Under the Rulebook of the NGX, a listed company is required to notify the NGX of any transaction that brings the beneficial ownership in the company’s shares to 5% within ten business days after such transaction. A listed company is also required to disclose, in its annual report, details of the holders of 5% or more of the shares of the company.

A company’s Articles of Association (“Articles”) may prescribe a lower reporting threshold for shareholder disclosures, but it cannot establish a higher threshold through its Articles. If a lower threshold is adopted, the company will not be required to notify the CAC.

Aside from the above, the potential cost and timing implications of regulatory processes in stakebuilding could pose challenges. The Merger Review Regulations and Guidelines necessitate notifying the FCCPC of transactions involving the acquisition of a minority shareholding that grants the acquirer material influence over a company. Under these regulations, acquiring a 25% shareholding in a company leads to a rebuttable presumption of material influence. Any subsequent transaction resulting in de facto or legal control will create a new relevant merger situation, requiring FCCPC approval once more.

Dealings in derivatives are permitted in Nigeria subject to compliance with the derivatives market rules of the relevant exchange, the SEC Rules on the Regulation of Derivatives Trading (“SEC Rules on Derivatives”) and the Rules on Central Counterparty, and the CBN’s Guidelines for FX Derivatives in the Nigerian Financial Markets.

Filing obligations under securities and competition laws will arise where a person, due to their derivatives holding, becomes a substantial shareholder or becomes a person with significant control of a company. Such a person will be required to comply with the notification requirements discussed in 4.2 Material Shareholding Disclosure Threshold and may be required to obtain the approval of the FCCPC as discussed in 4.3 Hurdles to Stakebuilding.

The SEC Rules on Derivatives require the following:

• the registration of all derivatives contracts with SEC before being introduced on an exchange; the registration process involves disclosing certain information, including:
1. risk protection mechanisms;
2. target investors for the derivatives product;
3. trading infrastructure to be deployed by the exchange for surveillance, trading and pricing information; and
4. assessment of the product’s susceptibility to manipulation.
• the exchanges to report to SEC participants or clients that own up to 5% or more of total open interest of a particular contract;
• the exchanges to notify SEC on position limits, methodologies and rationale used for determining the limits;
• market participants to disclose information, when needed, on their trading and clearing activities and make quarterly disclosures on outstanding derivatives exposure from proprietary positions to SEC and in their quarterly and annual financial statements;
• participants to provide full disclosure of contract specifications and accompanying risks to their clients before accepting orders; and
• all OTC derivatives to be reported to a trade repository or an exchange.

Where a merger control filing is required, an acquirer will be required to provide the FCCPC with the rationale for the acquisition.

Furthermore, for listed companies, an application seeking NGX approval for an acquisition must include the buyer’s investment objectives, management continuity plans and the post-acquisition management profile of the target. The buyer’s intentions regarding the target’s employees must also be disclosed.

Disclosures by Listed Companies

For listed companies, the giving or receiving of a notice of the intention to make a takeover, merger, acquisition, tender offer or divestment is classified as price-sensitive information. While a listed company is not prohibited from disclosing a deal to the relevant advisers, it is required to advise such advisers or any relevant third party of the confidential nature of the information and that it constitutes insider information.

Where a listed company is required to disclose price-sensitive information to a third party or regulator and such information enters the public domain, the company must ensure that the information is simultaneously released to the market.

A target company is required to announce a proposed transaction after its board has approved the terms of the definitive agreements for the deal.

Disclosures by Private Companies and Unlisted Public Companies

There is no requirement for private or unlisted public companies to announce deals. Therefore, parties are free to deal with such disclosures as they wish, subject to any confidentiality agreements that may exist. However, parties tend to limit information to employees generally, except for senior management.

The market practice on timing of disclosure does not differ from the legal requirements discussed above.

In Nigeria, due diligence exercises will usually cover legal, commercial, financial and tax issues. The scope of the diligence exercise will differ from one transaction to the other and could also depend on whether the transaction is structured as a share or asset deal.

In conducting due diligence exercises, parties need to consider regulatory restrictions that impact the disclosure of certain types of information, eg, price-sensitive information, especially in transactions involving competitors. In Nigeria, the FCCPC expects parties to take measures that restrict the flow of competition-sensitive information to competitors even during a due diligence exercise. Such measures include the use of a clean team and data anonymisation.

Standstill agreements are not common in Nigeria. It is more common for a potential acquirer to request exclusivity, which will typically be negotiated by the parties. On the other hand, the target will be looking to limit the exclusivity period to ensure that negotiations are concluded quickly. However, a target is likely to be more reluctant to grant exclusivity in an auction sale.

In the context of notifiable mergers, a statutory standstill obligation applies under Sections 95(5) and 96(4) of the FCCPA. Merging parties must not take any steps to advance or implement the transaction prior to obtaining approval from the FCCPC, whether before or after notification.

It is permissible under Nigerian law for the terms and conditions of a tender offer to be negotiated and documented in a definitive agreement.

The timeline for completing an acquisition will generally depend on the transaction structure and process adopted by the relevant parties. In practice, and particularly in transactions involving private companies, the parties will typically agree the transaction timetable. Some of the factors that could impact the timeline for a transaction include internal approvals, regulatory filings and approvals, financing arrangements, the preparedness of the seller for due diligence and the complexity of the transaction. For instance, competition filing with the FCCPC could take up to 120 business days, except for transactions where material competition concerns do not arise, which the FCCPC aims to review and approve within 45 business days.

For transactions involving publicly listed companies, the acquirer will have to factor the statutory and regulatory steps and timelines to execute the transaction into its timetable.

For mandatory takeovers, the ISA 2007 and the SEC Rules prescribe specific timelines within which each required step must be completed. Some of these timelines are outlined below:

• An application for authority to proceed with a bid must be filed with SEC within three business days of the triggering event.
• SEC will grant authority to proceed, which is valid for three months, subject to further renewal for a maximum period of one month.
• The bid will be registered with SEC and subsequently despatched to each director and shareholder of the target company, and SEC.
• Dissenting shareholders are to be notified within one month of the other shareholders’ acceptance of the bid, allowing them to either elect to be paid in the same proportion as consenting shareholders or to have their shares valued.
• Within 20 days of notifying the dissenting shareholder(s) of the election, the acquirer will pay the target company the consideration that will be paid to the dissenting shareholders should they make an election.
• The dissenting shareholder(s) can either elect to be paid in the same proportion as the consenting shareholders or elect to have their shares valued. Otherwise, if within 20 days, the dissenting shareholders do not make an election, they will be deemed to have accepted to be paid the same as the consenting shareholders.
• If the dissenting shareholder(s) elect to have their shares valued, the acquirer will apply to court to determine a fair value for the dissenting shareholders’ shares. If the acquirer fails to apply to the court within 20 days after paying the consideration for the dissenting shareholders’ shares to the target company, the dissenting shareholder(s) may apply to the court for the same purpose within a further period of 20 days.
• A schedule showing details of the target’s shareholders who have accepted the offer and the volume and value of their respective shares, and evidence of payment of the consideration to the shareholders must be filed with SEC within seven days of the offer.
• SEC will undertake a post-takeover inspection within three months after the registration of the bid.

Under Nigerian law, a mandatory offer must be made in the circumstances outlined in 2.1 Acquiring a Company.

In Nigeria, the consideration in M&A transactions will generally be cash or shares, or a combination of both, or it may be any other form of consideration other than cash or shares.

To deal with valuation uncertainties, some of the mechanisms that parties adopt include earn-outs, deferred consideration, locked-box mechanisms and completion accounts.

In Nigeria, the conditions attached to a takeover offer will usually be determined by a contract between the parties. Some of the usual conditions will include obtaining all the required internal approvals and regulatory sanctions. For public takeovers, a bidder is required to include the terms on which the shares are to be acquired, among other things.

There are no statutorily prescribed minimum acceptance conditions. Minimum acceptance conditions have been used in tender offers as they are beneficial to a bidder’s attainment of its intended level of control or stake in the target.

However, for listed companies, the Rulebook of the NGX requires an offer to state all conditions attached to acceptances, including whether the offer is conditional on the receipt of acceptance in respect of a minimum number of securities. In such cases, the offer should include the minimum number and the last date on which the offer can be made unconditional.

The Rulebook of the NGX also prohibits an offer that is conditional on the payment of compensation for loss of offer without disclosing full particulars.

In practice, there are cases where a majority shareholder looking to acquire full control of a target by acquiring the shares of the minority shareholders has done so by a scheme of arrangement. The use of a scheme is beneficial for this purpose because once approved by persons holding 75% of the voting rights of the target, the terms of the scheme become binding on all the shareholders of the company.

The parties to a business combination can agree that the transaction will be conditional on the bidder obtaining financing. This is largely a contractual issue that will need to be negotiated and agreed upon by the parties.

For takeovers, SEC requires a bidder to file its evidence of source of funds at the point of applying for approval to proceed with the bid.

Bidders generally have the freedom to seek measures they deem necessary to protect their interests in a deal. The type of security a bidder is likely to obtain largely depends on negotiations with their counterparty and their bargaining power. Common deal protection measures include break fees, matching rights and non-solicitation provisions. Although Nigerian law does not expressly prohibit “force the vote” provisions or “no shop” agreements, these measures might conflict with a target company’s directors’ fiduciary duties under the CAMA 2020.

Changes to the Regulatory Environment Impacting the Length of Interim Periods

The regulatory changes that may impact the length of interim periods are outlined in 6.1 Length of Process for Acquisition/Sale.

A bidder who does not seek 100% ownership of a target may seek additional governance rights such as the right to a board seat(s), the right to appoint a chairperson, the right to appoint and remove key officers such as the CEO or CFO, and veto rights over reserved matters.

It should be noted that the possession of some or all of these rights could, even where the bidder has no legal control, trigger a competition filing as the bidder could be deemed to be able to exercise material influence over the target’s business. See 4.3 Hurdles to Stakebuilding.

Shareholders are permitted to vote by proxy under Nigerian law.

In a takeover, an acquirer may only squeeze out dissenting shareholders if it has already acquired 90% of the shares that are subject to acquisition. The dissenting shareholders may elect to have their shares acquired on the same terms offered to the consenting shareholders or to receive fair value for their shares, as determined by the Federal High Court.

A bidder is not prohibited from seeking commitments from principal shareholders prior to making a formal announcement of its intention to acquire shares in the target company. The terms of the undertaking will be negotiated and agreed upon by the relevant parties before a formal offer is made to the target company.

Irrevocable commitments may give a bidder some certainty as to the outcome of the tender offer, as they could guarantee that the bidder will be able to acquire a minimum number of shares in the target company.

The principal shareholder may be bound by an irrevocable commitment to the bidder or otherwise be at risk of a civil action for breach of contract, specific performance, injunction or any other remedy agreed with the bidder as a remedy for breaching the commitment. In such instances, the principal shareholder may seek indemnity from a subsequent bidder with a better offer against costs resulting from breaching the irrevocable commitment.

For private company transactions, it is not common for bids to be made public. However, where a transaction requires the approval of the FCCPC, the FCCPC publishes a summary of the proposed transaction upon an application for its clearance.

For public company transactions, where a mandatory bid is triggered, an application for authority to proceed with a takeover bid should be filed with SEC within three business days of the triggering event, and the intention to make a takeover bid should be published in at least two national daily newspapers and on the company’s website, as well as announced on the floor of any exchange on which the shares are listed.

On registration of the takeover bid with SEC, a formal bid can be made by the buyer to the shareholders of the target company and published in two national daily newspapers. The bid is also required to be dispatched to the board of directors of the target company and SEC at the same time that it is sent to the shareholders.

In private transactions, the type of disclosure required would usually be agreed upon by the transaction parties.

For business combinations involving companies listed on the NGX, any document or advertisement addressed to shareholders containing information or advice from an offeror or the board of an offeree company or their respective advisers must, as is the case with a prospectus, be prepared with the highest standards of care and accuracy.

There is no requirement to disclose the financial statements of the offeror to the shareholders of the target. However, the financial statements of the offeror for five years preceding the offer are to be filed with SEC during the application for the registration of a takeover bid. Financial statements are typically prepared under the GAAP or IFRS principles.

With the introduction of the Business Facilitation (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act 2023, financial statements are to be prepared in the form and content adopted by the Financial Reporting Council of Nigeria.

It may be necessary to disclose transaction documents in full to regulatory bodies in the process of obtaining requisite transaction approvals or waivers.

Under Nigerian law, directors have extensive common law and statutory duties which apply in the performance of their duties, including during a business combination.

The principal duties include the duty to act in good faith at all times in the best interests of the company as a whole. The directors are also expected to have regard to the impact of the company’s operations on the environment in the community where it operates, the interests of the company’s employees in general and the interests of the company’s members.

If any payment is to be made to a director of a company as compensation for loss of office or as consideration for or in connection with the director’s retirement during a business combination, it is the duty of that director to do all things reasonably necessary to ensure that particulars with respect to the payment and the amount are included in, or sent with, any notice of the offer made for the shares which are given to any shareholder.

It is common for boards of directors to establish special or ad hoc committees in business combinations. The aim is usually to ensure efficiency and effectiveness during the process. The committees may also be used in cases where directors have a conflict of interest, although there is no regulatory requirement to do so.

The general approach of courts in Nigeria is to uphold decisions of the board of directors which have been made within the bounds of their powers under Nigeria’s company law and the company’s constitutional documents.

While there has been no case law in Nigeria on the business judgement rule in takeover situations, it is expected that the courts will defer to the judgement of the board of directors provided that there has been no breach of the directors’ duties, fraud or negligence.

It is typical for directors to obtain independent third-party advice from financial, tax and legal advisers in connection with business combinations.

Conflicts of interest are scrutinised in Nigeria.

In the context of directors, Nigeria’s company law provides that the personal interest of a director shall not conflict with any of their duties as a director under the law and that a director shall not, in the course of managing the affairs of a company, make any secret profit or achieve other unnecessary benefits. It is also the duty of any director of a company who is in any way, whether directly or indirectly, interested in a transaction or a proposed transaction with a company, to immediately notify the other directors of such company in writing, specifying the particulars of the director’s interest.

In addition, the 2018 Nigerian Code of Corporate Governance recommends that:

• directors should promptly disclose any “real” or “perceived” conflict of interest that they may have by virtue of their membership of the board of directors;
• a director may not be present when any matter in which they have an interest is being decided and should not seek to participate in or influence any discussions or negotiations relating to that matter; and
• if any question arises before the board of directors as to the existence of a “real” or “perceived” conflict, the board of directors should by a simple majority determine whether a conflict exists (the director or directors potentially involved in the conflict of interest should not be present during any discussion or voting on the issue).

Generally, companies are expected to establish a policy for related-party transactions and to report all related-party transactions in their financial statements.

There are no provisions under Nigerian law specifically on hostile tender offers. The existing legal framework for tender offers covers tender offers generally, and it is possible to execute hostile tender offers under the framework. Hostile tender offers are not common in Nigeria.

There is no legal framework for directors’ use of defensive measures in hostile takeover scenarios in Nigeria. It is possible for directors to adopt common defensive measures available in other jurisdictions, provided that they have regard to their fiduciary duties to the company.

See 9.1 Hostile Tender Offers. Hostile takeovers are not common in Nigeria.

As stated in 9.1 Hostile Tender Offers and 9.2 Directors’ Use of Defensive Measures, there is no legal framework for hostile tender offers, bids and takeovers in Nigeria. There are also no provisions specific to defences available to directors in such instances. Directors would, therefore, be bound by their general duties under Nigeria’s company law, which include the duty to:

• act at all times in what such directors believe to be the best interests of the company as a whole so as to preserve the company’s assets, further the company’s business and promote the purposes for which the company was formed, and in doing so, have regard to the impact of the company’s operations on the environment in the community where it operates; and
• have regard for the interests of the company’s employees in general and the interests of the company’s members.

In relation to takeover bids, the board of directors of the target company is required to send a circular to every shareholder of the target company and SEC at least seven days before the takeover bid is to take effect. The circular should contain the opinion and recommendation of the board of directors in relation to the takeover bid, including the effect of the bid on the operations of the company and its employees, as well as expert opinions, where applicable.

Directors cannot “just say no” and take action that prevents a business combination. They are expected to take reasoned decisions having regard to the interests of the company, employees, shareholders and environment as a whole.

Litigation is not common in M&A transactions in Nigeria. Definitive agreements for private M&A transactions would typically contain arbitration provisions. However, these arbitration provisions are rarely invoked, as parties typically favour commercially agreed resolutions.

See 10.1 Frequency of Litigation.

See 10.1 Frequency of Litigation.

Shareholder activism is an important consideration for boards of directors in Nigeria and includes activism from institutional investors and minority shareholder groups. Nigeria’s company and securities laws are minority shareholder-friendly and provide several tools for shareholder activists to adopt. Activists typically focus on corporate governance, management changes and changes to a company’s strategy. Shareholder activists may sometimes aim to frustrate minority buyouts and “take private” transactions (ie, delistings). A few such transactions have been aborted in the past, largely due to the action of activists.

SEC has also set out a code of conduct for shareholder associations to ensure that its members contribute positively to the affairs of public companies. It provides that member shareholders are to strive to influence policies that encourage investment and advance the interest of shareholders.

See 11.1 Shareholder Activism.

It is not uncommon for activists to seek to interfere with the completion of announced transactions.