The number of M&A transactions with Swiss involvement increased from 464 deals in 2024 to 502 deals in 2025 (increase of 10.59%). Aggregate deal value rose significantly, reaching USD166.8 billion in 2025 versus USD115.1 billion in 2024 (+USD51.7 billion; +44.9%), with overall volumes driven disproportionately by a small number of very large transactions.

Despite persistent economic uncertainty, the Swiss M&A market remained resilient in 2025. Activity stayed solid, even if year-end volumes came in slightly below initial expectations.

Cross-border transactions continued to be a defining feature, with Swiss companies especially active as acquirers. Nearly half of all deals involved Swiss buyers pursuing targets abroad, while inbound acquisitions of Swiss companies accounted for roughly a quarter of transactions.

Looking ahead to 2026, a moderate increase in activity is anticipated, supported by a slightly higher share of private equity-backed deals. Buyers are expected to place greater emphasis on technology maturity, including the effective use of AI, robust cybersecurity and the ability to scale digital capabilities across the organisation.

In 2025, deal activity concentrated in three core sectors:

• technology, media and telecommunications (TMT);
• pharmaceuticals and life sciences; and
• industrial markets.

Swiss businesses may be acquired through share deals or asset deals. The latter may take the form of a transfer of individual assets and liabilities, or a bulk transfer pursuant to the Swiss Merger Act.

The most common way of acquiring a public company is a public tender offer, which may be structured as a cash offer, exchange offer (with securities as consideration), or a combination thereof (see 6.3 Consideration). If a public company has a controlling shareholder, control may be acquired – subject to the potential obligation to launch a mandatory offer for all shares (see 6.2 Mandatory Offer Threshold) – by purchasing a controlling stake in a private block trade transaction.

As an alternative, a public or private company may be acquired through a statutory merger, either by absorption (one company is dissolved and merged into another company) or by combination (the two combining companies are dissolved and merged into a newly formed company). Statutory mergers at the level of Swiss listed companies are rare. Other commonly used techniques are share-for-share transactions and the formation of a new company that acquires the assets and liabilities of two existing companies in exchange for its own shares.

The competent regulators for M&A activity vary depending on the type of transaction.

The Swiss Takeover Board

In a public takeover, the most important authority is the Swiss Takeover Board (TOB), an independent commission appointed by the federal government that oversees and regulates public takeovers. Notably, the offer prospectus has to be filed with the TOB for review and approval ahead of a public tender offer.

The SIX Swiss Exchange

The SIX Swiss Exchange Ltd (SIX), Switzerland’s main stock exchange, has self-regulatory authority over the listing and delisting of securities. For instance, if equity or debt securities are to be listed in connection with a business combination, a listing application must be submitted to the SIX. If a prospectus for the offering or listing of equity securities is required, the Review Body, an authority licensed and supervised by the Swiss Financial Market Supervisory Authority FINMA, must review and approve the prospectus on an ex-ante basis. In addition, ad hoc disclosures and, in some cases, disclosures of shareholdings have to be filed with the SIX in the course of a public tender offer or other M&A transaction.

The Swiss Competition Commission

The Swiss Competition Commission, Switzerland’s merger control authority, has to be involved in an M&A transaction whenever the relevant turnover thresholds are met (see 2.4 Antitrust Regulations).

The Financial Industry

The financial industry (banks, insurance companies, securities dealers, trading venues) is regulated and overseen by FINMA, whose approval is required de facto for a change of control in a financial institution. In other industries, the purchase of a business that requires a permit or licence (eg, in the transport, telecommunications and health sectors) may be subject to governmental approval.

Local Authorities

If a target holds real estate in Switzerland, a no-action letter from a local authority may be required with regard to the restrictions on foreign investments in residential and agricultural real estate (see 2.3 Restrictions on Foreign Investments).

Switzerland has traditionally pursued an open policy towards foreign direct investment (FDI). As a general rule, private foreign persons and entities may purchase a Swiss company without review or approval by a governmental authority (see 2.6 National Security Review), while for foreign state investors, Switzerland is about to introduce a targeted FDI regime to screen acquisitions of Swiss companies (see below). Moreover, there are sector-specific restrictions – not necessarily prohibitions – with regard to the acquisition of companies by foreign persons and entities in certain regulated industries (eg, financial services, radio and television, telecommunications, and energy). Certain individuals and entities may be barred from investing in Switzerland by sanctions imposed against certain countries, groups or individuals.

The acquisition by foreign persons and entities of residential real estate is subject to governmental approval, which is usually not granted. The same is the case with respect to the acquisition of unlisted shares in a company whose business purpose is acquiring or dealing in residential real estate, whose assets consist of more than a third of residential real estate, or that owns considerable land reserves suitable for residential buildings or industrial land reserves that will not be used within two to three years (rule of thumb). No such restriction applies to companies whose shares are traded on a stock exchange. In addition, non-farmers (whether Swiss or foreign) may not acquire agricultural properties in Switzerland.

On 19 December 2025, the Swiss Parliament passed a foreign direct investment (FDI) control regime under the Investment Screening Act (ISA), which is expected to enter into force in 2027. The ISA introduces a mandatory notification and approval requirement for certain acquisitions of Swiss undertakings by foreign state investors in defined security-critical sectors. Review is limited to transactions conferring control (as defined under Swiss merger control law) and meeting specified turnover thresholds. Security-critical sectors include, at a lower (or de minimis) turnover threshold, in particular:

• defence and dual‑use goods of crucial importance for the Swiss Armed Forces and security institutions;
• operators of key energy and water infrastructure; and
• providers of central security‑related IT services.

At a higher turnover threshold, they include:

• hospitals;
• undertakings in the pharma, medical devices, vaccine and PPE sectors;
• operators of major transport, food distribution and telecoms infrastructure;
• financial market infrastructures; and
• systemically important banks.

Private foreign investors remain outside the scope of the ISA and critical key technologies such as artificial intelligence, robotics, semiconductors, cybersecurity, energy storage, quantum and nuclear technologies, and nanotechnology will not be covered.

By limiting its FDI regime to foreign state investors, Switzerland has opted for a comparatively non-interventionist approach. It is estimated that only a small single-digit number of acquisitions will be subject to approval each year.

Business concentrations (including public tender offers, statutory mergers, other change of control transactions and full-function joint ventures) are subject to merger control under the Swiss Federal Act on Cartels and Other Restraints of Competition (CartA) and its implementing ordinances.

If businesses involved have a combined turnover of at least CHF2 billion worldwide or CHF500 million in Switzerland, and at least two involved businesses each have an individual turnover in Switzerland of at least CHF100 million, the purchaser or – in a business combination – all parties must file for merger control after signing and before closing. Pre-signing filings are usually possible based on a letter of intent. Special rules apply to financial institutions and to businesses previously found to hold a dominant market position in a relevant market including Switzerland.

ComCo’s Substantive Test

When reviewing a notifiable concentration, the Swiss Competition Commission (ComCo) currently analyses whether the proposed concentration would create or strengthen a dominant market position that risks eliminating effective competition whose harmful effects are not outweighed by a strengthening of competition in another market (“dominance plus” test).

On 19 December 2025, the Swiss Parliament passed a partial revision of the CartA which is expected to enter into force no earlier than 2027. The core element of the reform is the transition from the dominance plus test to a Significant Impediment to Effective Competition (SIEC) test, which aligns Swiss merger control with European merger control. The SIEC test will enable ComCO to intervene if a merger significantly impedes effective competition and does not result in any verifiable efficiency gains for consumers that are justified by the notifying companies and that offset these disadvantages. It allows intervention against unilateral “non-coordinated” effects even below the threshold for single market dominance. Finally, the SIEC test allows for a better assessment of efficiency gains resulting from concentrations.

In phase I, ComCo has one month to open an in-depth phase II investigation; otherwise, the concentration may be completed without reservation. In phase II, ComCo has four additional months to clear, prohibit or approve the concentration subject to conditions and restraints. With the parties’ consent, ComCo may extend phase I by one month and phase II by two months. During phase I and phase II (if any), the parties must not execute the concentration without ComCo’s authorisation (gun-jumping prohibition). So far, only a few concentrations have been prohibited, but several have been authorised subject to conditions and obligations (remedies).

ComCo decisions may be challenged within 30 days before the Federal Administrative Court and then appealed to the Federal Supreme Court.

If an acquisition is structured as an asset deal or conducted via a statutory merger, the employee representatives (or, if there are none, the employees directly) of some or all involved entities have to be notified and, if measures are planned affecting the employees, consulted a few weeks before closing or, in the case of a statutory merger, the approval of the shareholders of the involved entities.

Employees or their representatives do not have decision rights with regard to such restructurings, but they may request the commercial register to block the registration of a bulk transfer or statutory merger if they have not been properly notified or consulted.

Employee Termination

Swiss employees may be terminated without cause but have a minimum notice period of one to three months, depending on seniority and collective (if any) and/or individual contractual arrangements. If an employer plans a mass dismissal (ie, termination of at least 30 employees in businesses with at least 300 employees or, if the business employs fewer than 300 employees, at least 10% of all employees or, in businesses with 20 to 100 employees, at least ten employees), the employee representatives or the employees, respectively, have to be consulted and the cantonal labour office has to be notified.

If the employer has at least 250 employees and intends to terminate at least 30 employees, a redundancy plan has to be negotiated with the labour union, the employee representatives or the employees, as the case may be. If the negotiations fail, a court of arbitration has to draw up a redundancy plan.

Collective employment agreements, which exist in a number of industries, may set out additional requirements in relation to the above.

Pension Plans

Swiss pension plans are deemed to be defined benefit plans under International Accounting Standard 19 even if they are defined contribution plans under Swiss law. Thus, an employer’s IFRS or US GAAP accounts may show a notional funding deficit even if the plan is overfunded according to Swiss actuarial rules. Many Swiss companies have a pension fund organised as an independent foundation, which needs to be taken into account in an M&A transaction.

The Swiss government has certain powers to safeguard national security, but it is unlikely that a business combination would be restricted for such a reason. However, see 2.3 Restrictions on Foreign Investments on the ISA, which is expected to enter into force in 2027.

In 2020, the Swiss parliament approved a bill that modernises Swiss corporate law while maintaining its core principles. The reform covers share capital, corporate governance, shareholder rights, executive compensation and financial distress, among other elements. The reform generally took effect on 1 January 2023, subject to transition periods. Most companies had updated their constitutional documents by the end of 2024. As of 1 January 2025, the new law applies regardless of whether the constitutional documents have been updated or not. Regarding the introduction of a Swiss FDI regime and changes to the Swiss antitrust regulations, see 2.3 Restrictions on Foreign Investments and 2.4 Antitrust Regulations, respectively.

There have not been any significant changes to takeover law in the past 12 months, nor is the takeover legislation currently under review.

It is not customary for a bidder to build a stake in the target before it approaches the target. On the one hand, this is generally perceived as aggressive. On the other hand, regulatory requirements make it difficult to build up a relevant stake without early disclosure (eg, cash-settled derivatives are subject to disclosure). After an approach of the target by the bidder, a standstill agreement is often signed in which the bidder undertakes not to buy any target securities.

If a bidder is prepared to launch a hostile offer, which rarely happens, it may purchase shares or call options over the stock exchange, have bank structure options and other derivatives, or purchase existing blocks from large shareholders. However, the disclosure obligations are designed to prevent “sneak attacks” on a company: a bidder and any parties acting in concert have to disclose their aggregate purchase positions (regardless of the type of security purchased) within four trading days from reaching or crossing certain thresholds (see 4.2 Material Shareholding Disclosure Threshold), which leaves a bidder little time to build a meaningful stake other than through block purchases.

General Obligation to Disclose Significant Shareholdings

Whoever directly or indirectly, alone or acting in concert with other parties, acquires or sells securities in a Swiss company listed in Switzerland (or a foreign company with a primary listing in Switzerland) has to notify the Disclosure Office of the SIX within four trading days after having reached or crossed the thresholds of 3%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 33⅓%, 50% or 66⅔% of voting rights (whether exercised or not). The disclosure obligation relates to shares and derivatives of any kind (whether cash or stock settled). The triggering event is the entering into the transaction, not the closing.

The reporting must be made separately for shares, purchase positions (long call or short put positions of any sort, including financial instruments that are economically equivalent to an acquisition of shares) and sale positions (short call or long put positions of any sort). Both the intentional and negligent breach of disclosure obligations are subject to fines. FINMA may also temporarily suspend the voting rights and enjoin an investor from acquiring additional securities if it has sufficient evidence of a potential breach.

Special Disclosure Obligations During a Public Tender Offer

From the announcement of a public tender offer until the end of the acceptance period, certain disclosure requirements apply to the bidder, all other parties to the TOB proceedings and anyone else who – directly, indirectly or acting in concert with third parties – holds at least 3% of the voting rights in the target (or, as the case may be, in another company whose shares are offered in exchange for the target shares). These persons must report to the TOB and to the SIX on a daily basis every purchase or sale of equity securities in the target. The TOB publishes such transactions on its website.

Industry-Specific Notification Obligations

In certain regulated industries, the acquisition of significant participations in a company – whether listed or not – has to be notified to the regulator. For instance, persons or entities who reach or cross the thresholds of 10%, 20%, 33% or 50% of the capital or voting rights of a bank or insurance company have to notify FINMA before completing the transaction. FINMA has the power to prohibit or impose conditions on such transactions in some cases.

In addition to the statutory disclosure obligations, there are other hurdles to stakebuilding: if the bidder or any of the parties acting in concert with it possesses material non-public information on the target (“inside information”), they must not deal in, or tip another person in relation to, target securities. Further, the rules on market manipulation also apply to stakebuilding.

Finally, the price paid by the bidder or any parties acting in concert for equity securities of the target within 12 months prior to the publication of the pre-announcement (or the offer prospectus if no pre-announcement is made) sets a floor on the offer price, unless the target has opted out of the mandatory offer rule (see 6.2 Mandatory Offer Threshold).

Note that, according to the so-called best price rule, if the bidder pays a higher price than the offer price for target securities during the offer period or until six months after the end of the additional acceptance period, the bidder must offer that higher price to all shareholders.

Dealings in derivatives are allowed but are subject to the same disclosure obligations as dealings in shares (see 4.2 Material Shareholding Disclosure Threshold).

Derivatives are subject to the same disclosure rules as other securities. In addition, if a Swiss counterparty is involved in derivatives trading, the general regulations and reporting obligations with respect to derivatives trading in Switzerland set out by the Financial Market Infrastructure Act and its implementing ordinances apply.

Before the pre-announcement of a public tender offer, shareholders do not have to make known the purpose of their acquisition of target securities or their intention regarding control of the company. Persons acquiring target securities in concert have to describe the nature of their group when they have to disclose their aggregate shareholdings. This description may, however, be rather generic.

Companies listed in Switzerland must publicly disclose any price-sensitive facts that have arisen in their sphere of activity and are not public knowledge (so-called ad hoc publicity). Any information capable of triggering significant changes in the share price is considered price-sensitive. As a result, public M&A deals typically qualify as price-sensitive facts and would need to be announced as soon as the target gains knowledge about the main facts of the deal.

However, a target may decide to postpone such disclosure to review an unsolicited offer or to explore or negotiate the terms of a recommended offer, provided that the target is able to maintain strict confidentiality of the price-sensitive facts during the time that disclosure is postponed. If details of the approach or offer, whether solicited or not, leak into the market, the target and, if the bidder is a Swiss-listed company, the bidder must make announcements to the SIX and the public without delay. It should also be noted that a target, absent a contractual commitment to keep the approach or the negotiations in confidence, may decide to make the approach or the negotiations public at any time.

Unless there is a leak, a friendly takeover offer is usually announced with a joint press release and in a joint press conference at the time when the bidder publishes the formal pre-announcement (or the offer prospectus if no pre-announcement is made). One of the reasons for not announcing the deal earlier is that the volume weighted average price (VWAP) of the listed shares during the 60 trading days before the pre-announcement sets a floor on the offer price (in the case of mandatory offers).

In public M&A, potential bidders often conduct a due diligence review based on public information before they approach the target, even if they plan to enter into a negotiated deal. Since opportunities to withdraw from an announced bid are limited, a bidder would usually want to perform as much due diligence as possible before announcing an offer.

The Target Board

The target board has wide discretion when deciding on a bidder’s request to conduct due diligence. In particular, a bidder is not entitled to conduct any additional due diligence and if a target board decides that the company is not for sale, it does not have to allow due diligence to anyone. If, however, the target board does allow due diligence to a bidder, it has to treat bidders that launch a competing bid equally.

A target board that allows due diligence is likely to disclose information sequentially and to restrict the scope of due diligence generally, subject to appropriate confidentiality undertakings by the bidder and its advisers. Typically, a due diligence review involves a relatively small number of senior personnel of the bidder, who focus on key aspects of the target’s business, in addition to the review performed by the bidder’s legal, financial and tax advisers.

A bidder must certify in the offer prospectus that it has not received material non-public information on the target that would be likely to have a decisive influence on the decision of the target shareholders whether or not to tender their shares. If such information is received, it must be disclosed in the offer prospectus.

Swiss target companies usually expect a bidder to enter into a standstill agreement for the period until the offer is officially launched. In contrast, a target’s ability to grant exclusivity is limited, as the target board has a fiduciary duty to examine all offers in good faith and must treat all bidders equally, eg, with respect to allowing them to conduct due diligence.

In recommended bids (other than in restructuring and going-private transactions), there is almost always a transaction agreement between the bidder and the target. In some cases, important shareholders of the target are also parties to the transaction agreement, which usually sets out the terms and conditions of the public tender offer and the target’s future management structure. The target would in turn undertake to support the bid and recommend it to its shareholders, subject to a fiduciary out.

A public tender offer takes a minimum of four to six months from the announcement to the settlement and approximately one month longer if there is a competing offer. If the deal requires merger control clearance or regulatory approvals, it may take considerably longer. The preparatory phase in the run-up to the announcement usually takes one to three additional months. A back-end squeeze-out usually takes four to six months after the completion of the offer.

The timing of a private M&A transaction depends almost entirely on the parties, except where merger control clearance or regulatory approvals are required. Depending on its type and complexity, an M&A transaction may take anything between two months (or less, in exceptional cases) and more than 12 months. In many transactions where no merger control clearance, regulatory approvals or third-party consents are required, the parties choose a simultaneous signing and closing.

A bidder that directly or indirectly acquires equity securities in a Swiss company listed in Switzerland (or a foreign company with primary listing in Switzerland) and thus, alone or together with parties acting in concert, crosses the threshold of 33⅓% of the target’s voting rights (whether exercisable or not) must submit a mandatory offer for all of the target’s listed equity securities. Acting in concert with the intention to control the target also triggers the mandatory offer rule if the parties acting in concert collectively hold more than 33⅓% of the target’s voting rights.

A mandatory offer must be made not later than two months after the crossing of the 33⅓% threshold. In the case of a mandatory offer, the so-called minimum price rule applies: ie, the offer price may not be set below the 60-day VWAP of the shares and the highest price paid by the bidder or any party acting in concert with it for equity securities (including privately negotiated (block) trades) in the preceding 12 months. The minimum price rule thus restricts a bidder’s ability to pay a control premium.

Generally, the mandatory offer rule is triggered when shares are acquired: eg, a share purchase is consummated or shares are delivered after the exercise of call options. Absent particular control arrangements regarding the target, the entering into a share purchase agreement as such does not trigger the mandatory offer rule.

Exemptions From Mandatory Offers

There are exemptions from the obligation to make a mandatory offer if the crossing of the 33⅓% threshold results from a gift, an inheritance, the division of an estate, a matrimonial arrangement or the enforcement of a judgment. The TOB may grant further exemptions: eg, if the crossing of the threshold results from a capital reduction, if the threshold is only temporarily exceeded, or if equity securities are acquired in connection with a reorganisation of a distressed company. In addition, the shareholders of a company may opt out of the mandatory offer rule (so-called opting out) or increase the threshold to up to 49% (so-called opting up) by amending the company’s articles of incorporation before or after an IPO.

If the company is already listed, an opting out or opting up requires the approval of a majority of the minority shareholders, and its consequences have to be disclosed to the shareholders in detail. The TOB reserves the right to void an opting out or opting up if it believes that it would unduly prejudice the rights of minority shareholders.

In a voluntary offer, a bidder may offer cash, listed or non-listed shares, or non-equity securities as consideration. Combined offers of cash and securities, and mix-and-match offers are also possible. In a mandatory offer only, the bidder must offer a cash alternative if it offers securities as consideration.

Historically, two thirds of all public tender offers have been cash offers, a little more than a fifth have been exchange offers and less than a tenth have been mixed offers. The proportion of cash offers has further increased over the past years.

In a private M&A setting, the current economic environment has to some extent increased the focus on deferred consideration mechanics, such as earn-outs. In addition, valuation uncertainty and overall transaction risk is being reduced through the use of specific indemnities and a continuing increase in the use of W&I insurance.

As a principle, a voluntary tender offer can be made subject to conditions, provided that the conditions are outside the bidder’s control and that it can be ascertained objectively whether a condition is satisfied.

The following offer conditions are common:

• regulatory approval (eg, merger control clearance);
• no injunction;
• minimum acceptance level (see 6.5 Minimum Acceptance Conditions);
• no material adverse change (MAC) (specific amounts or percentages have to be mentioned – eg, loss or reduction of 10% in earnings before interest and taxes, 5% in turnover or 10% in net equity);
• no major dividends or other changes of capitalisation above a certain threshold;
• conditions ensuring control of the target (eg, registration of the bidder in the share register with voting rights, election of target directors); and
• issuance and listing of securities offered as consideration (see 6.6 Requirement to Obtain Financing).

Bidders usually reserve the right to waive certain conditions. If the bidder’s co-operation is required to satisfy a condition, the bidder must take all necessary steps to ensure that the condition is satisfied. Otherwise, the condition is deemed to be satisfied.

Unlike voluntary tender offers, mandatory tender offers may only be subject to a very limited set of conditions:

• regulatory approval (eg, merger control clearance);
• no injunction; and
• registration of the bidder in the share register with voting rights.

Other conditions, including a MAC condition, are generally not permitted in a mandatory tender offer.

As a matter of law, a minimum acceptance condition must be low enough that it can realistically be satisfied. If a bidder holds no more than a trivial number of target shares at the launch of the bid, the minimum acceptance condition must not be higher than 67%. The TOB has allowed minimum acceptance conditions of 70% or more – and up to 98% in a few special cases – where the bidder held a large number or the majority of target shares at the outset. As a rule of thumb, the higher a bidder’s stake pre-bid, the more willing the TOB will be to permit a high acceptance level.

Under Swiss law, most shareholder resolutions may be passed by a majority of votes represented at a shareholders’ meeting, but certain important resolutions – such as certain changes to the articles of association, certain types of capital increases or mergers/demergers – require a two-thirds majority of the votes represented (and a majority of the capital represented).

With 90% of all outstanding shares, a bidder may carry out a squeeze-out merger and with 98% of all outstanding shares, a bidder may squeeze out the remaining shareholders after a public tender offer by means of a court order (see 6.10 Squeeze-Out Mechanisms).

The TOB does not permit financing conditions in a cash bid. To the extent that securities are offered as consideration, an offer can be conditional upon the issuance and listing of such securities, but only if the bidder has taken all necessary steps to ensure that the condition will be satisfied.

In terms of process, the offer prospectus, which is published at the launch of the offer, must set out the details of the financing and its sources, and must contain a confirmation by the Independent Review Body that the financing is available (see 7.2 Type of Disclosure Required). As a result of that and as a practical matter, the funding must be in place a significant amount of time prior to the launch of an offer.

There are various means of fostering deal security in Swiss takeover law and practice.

Friendly Takeovers

In a friendly takeover, the target often undertakes not to solicit or recommend other offers (“no-shop clause”). While the predominant view is that no-shop clauses are generally permitted, they are subject to limitations:

• firstly, the target board must still be able to negotiate with unsolicited rival bidders, which is why a “no-talk clause” would likely be inadmissible;
• secondly, the target board must provide all bidders the same amount of information (whether solicited or unsolicited); and
• thirdly, the target board must be able to advise the target shareholders of the merits of a rival bid and to recommend the rival bid if it determines that this is in the interest of the company (so-called fiduciary out).

There is no need to agree on a matching right, as any bidder has that right by operation of law.

Break-Up Fees

Break-up fees are generally considered to be permitted to the extent that they cover the bidder’s costs and expenses. It is not court-tested whether punitive break-up fees (eg, with the aim to frustrate any competing bids) are permissible, but the TOB would likely not accept it. In transactions requiring shareholder approval (eg, a statutory merger), a break-up fee must not coerce shareholders to approve the transaction.

Usually, a break-up fee is payable if the offer is unsuccessful due to the target breaching any laws and regulations applying to the offer, the target’s failure to satisfy the offer conditions, or the successful completion of a competing bid. While break-up fees payable by the target are often agreed in friendly deals, reverse break-up fees payable by the bidder are relatively rare and are more often seen in private M&A transactions.

Shareholder Approvals

In transactions requiring shareholder approval, the target customarily agrees to solicit the necessary shareholder approvals.

Procuring Tender Undertakings

Last but not least, it is common for a bidder to procure tender undertakings from large shareholders of the target (see 6.11 Irrevocable Commitments).

No-MAC Conditions

In respect of private M&A, “No-MAC” conditions (whereby the buyer could walk away from the transaction in the event of a material adverse change at the level of the target) remain relatively uncommon in Swiss deals (and, if included, generally contain an exclusion for, among others, deteriorations in macroeconomic conditions).

A bidder may obtain additional governance rights with respect to a target through a shareholders’ agreement with target shareholders that will not tender their shares to the bidder. If such arrangements are entered into before or during a public tender offer, however, the mandatory offer rule may be triggered (see 6.2 Mandatory Offer Threshold). A shareholders’ agreement may provide for a wide range of governance arrangements.

Swiss public companies send hard copies of their voting materials (ie, the agenda, the motions and a voting card) to their shareholders and nominees. Shareholders of Swiss public companies who do not want to attend a shareholders’ meeting in person may give voting instructions to the so-called independent voting representative (ie, an independent proxy elected by the shareholders) by returning the hard-copy voting card they have received by mail or, in the case of listed companies, electronically. As an alternative, shareholders may appoint any other person as their proxy. The articles of incorporation of some companies require that such proxy be a shareholder of the company.

After the main offer period of a public tender offer has lapsed, the target shareholders who have not tendered their shares receive a grace period (the so-called additional acceptance period) during which they may tender their shares. Often, a significant portion of the remaining shares are tendered during that grace period.

If the bidder holds more than 98% of the target’s voting rights following a successful tender offer, it may squeeze out the remaining shareholders. To that end, the bidder must petition the court at the registered office of the target company for cancellation of the minority shares within three months of the end of the additional acceptance period. The court then orders the cancellation of the remaining shares. Thereupon, the target must reissue the shares so cancelled and allot them to the bidder against payment of the offer consideration for the benefit of the shareholders whose shares were cancelled. The court does not review the adequacy of the offer consideration.

As an alternative, the Swiss Federal Merger Act allows the owner of at least 90% of the outstanding shares to carry out a squeeze-out merger with another Swiss company. Typically, the bidder would merge the target company into a wholly owned subsidiary of the bidder and the minority shareholders of the target would receive the same consideration as the shareholders who had tendered their shares received. The minority shareholders may challenge the merger and/or the adequacy of the consideration in court. Thus, a squeeze-out merger de facto triggers an appraisal remedy.

Potential bidders commonly seek undertakings from the target’s major shareholders to tender their shares or enter into share purchase agreements with such shareholders (which may or may not be conditional on the success of the offer) before the offer is announced. If a shareholder is actively involved in the negotiations with the target concerning a friendly bid, the discussions usually cover tender undertakings by shareholders as well. If a shareholder is not involved in the negotiations with the target, the bidder would typically seek tender undertakings after it has reached an agreement in principle with the target board.

Tender undertakings are not strictly irrevocable: a shareholder has the right to withdraw from its tender obligation if a competing offer is announced. The same is the case if a share purchase agreement with the bidder is conditional upon the success of the offer. However, if an agreement with a shareholder is not conditional upon the success of the offer, the shareholder’s obligations are enforceable even if there is a competing offer.

Undertakings to tender or to enter into a share purchase agreement have implications on the offer terms. If such undertakings have been entered into within 12 months before the offer is announced, the agreed consideration for the shares (which may include elements other than the price, such as a consideration in kind or the option value of any price adjustment provisions) may set a floor on the offer price (see 6.2 Mandatory Offer Threshold) and the details of the undertakings have to be disclosed in the offer prospectus.

Furthermore, a shareholder who has undertaken to tender or sell its shares to the bidder may be deemed to be acting in concert with the bidder. As a result, any transactions by such shareholder in equity securities of the target must be disclosed and may affect the minimum offer price.

Unless there is a leak requiring the target to make an announcement at an earlier stage (see 5.1 Requirement to Disclose a Deal), the bidder usually makes a so-called pre-announcement of a public tender offer before the offer prospectus is published, although this is not mandatory. In a negotiated transaction, the pre-announcement is usually made immediately after the signing of the transaction agreement (see 5.5 Definitive Agreements).

The pre-announcement (if any) must be published on the bidder’s website and sent to the major Swiss media outlets, the major financial news services and the TOB. It must:

• identify the bidder and the target;
• describe the scope of the offer (ie, the shares and financial instruments that it covers);
• disclose the offer consideration;
• describe any offer conditions; and
• set out the expected timetable for the offer.

The publication of the pre-announcement (or of the offer prospectus if no pre-announcement is made) has numerous legal consequences. For instance, the minimum price is set and the best price rule as well as many disclosure and other obligations of the bidder and/or the target are triggered (see 4.2 Material Shareholding Disclosure Threshold, 4.3 Hurdles to Stakebuilding and 6.2 Mandatory Offer Threshold). Furthermore, the bidder may change the terms of the offer only in favour of the target shareholders after the announcement.

A bidder must publish the offer prospectus within six weeks of publishing the pre-announcement. The TOB may grant extensions under certain circumstances. The offer prospectus has to be published in the same manner as a pre-announcement. The offer prospectus itself has to be made available in printed form or electronically on the bidder’s website.

The main disclosure document in a public tender offer is the offer prospectus, which is to be published by the bidder and must contain all necessary information to enable the target shareholders to decide whether to tender their shares. This includes:

• the terms of the offer (eg, price, scope);
• information on the bidder (eg, address, share capital, main business activities);
• information on significant shareholders of the target, parties acting in concert with the bidder and their transactions in target shares;
• the sources of financing;
• information on the bidder’s intention as to the future of the target’s business;
• a description of the agreements between the bidder and the target; and
• information on the target’s corporate bodies and shareholders.

Exchange Offers

In an exchange offer, the bidder has to disclose more extensive information about itself and the securities offered as consideration for the target shares.

In addition, the report of the Independent Review Body has to be disclosed in the offer prospectus. In the preparation phase of a public tender offer, the bidder has to appoint a licensed securities dealer or a qualified accounting firm – in practice usually a large accounting firm – as the Independent Review Body, which must be independent from the bidder and the target. Its task is to review the offer prospectus for compliance with takeover regulations and, in particular, to confirm in a report that the offer prospectus is complete and correct, that the target shareholders are being treated equally, and that the bidder has the necessary funds to complete the transaction.

Special report

The board of directors of the target has to publish a special report to its shareholders, which must contain all necessary information for the target shareholders to make an informed decision on the offer. The board of directors may recommend that shareholders accept or reject the offer, or it may just discuss the advantages and drawbacks of the offer without making a recommendation.

The report also has to contain certain information, notably updated interim financial statements, if the cut-off date of the last published financial statements would otherwise, at the expected end date of the offer period, be older than six months. Additional required disclosures relate to potential conflicts of interest among the members of the board or the management of the target, among other things.

Negotiated Transactions

In a negotiated transaction, the target often procures a fairness opinion from an audit firm or investment bank selected by it. In limited circumstances, a fairness opinion is required by law. The fairness opinion is a detailed valuation report and must explain the basis for the fairness conclusion (eg, peer groups, valuation parameters, but not the target’s business plan). It has to be published as part of the board report.

The bidder and the target usually agree on the content of the offer prospectus and the board report (which is typically included in the offer prospectus). Before the offer is announced, the bidder and the target would file a draft offer prospectus (including the report by the Independent Review Body, the board report and the fairness opinion) with the TOB, which issues a decision as to whether the offer prospectus complies with applicable laws and regulations.

After the publication of the pre-announcement (or the offer prospectus if no pre-announcement is made), the bidder, the parties acting in concert with it (which may include the target itself) and significant shareholders of the target have special disclosure obligations with regard to their dealings in target shares (see 4.2 Material Shareholding Disclosure Threshold).

If the transaction results in the listing of new shares on the SIX (eg, if the bidder is listed on the SIX and offers its own shares as consideration), the relevant listing requirements have to be complied with.

A bidder does not need to include financial statements in the offer prospectus (unless, under specific circumstances, it offers own shares as consideration). However, the board of directors of the target has to establish interim financial statements for its report (see 7.2 Type of Disclosure Required) if the cut-off date of the last published financial statements would, at the expected end date of the offer period, otherwise be older than six months. The interim financial statements must be in the same form as those that the target usually publishes.

Besides the offer prospectus, the report by the target board and the report by the Independent Review Body, no transaction documents have to be disclosed in full. The key terms of any agreements between the bidder and the target (but not the agreements in full) have to be disclosed in the offer prospectus.

Directors and officers of a Swiss corporation have:

• a duty of care;
• a duty of loyalty;
• a duty to safeguard the interests of the company in good faith; and
• a duty to treat shareholders equally in like circumstances.

These duties are owed to the company, and directors and officers may take into account the position of the company’s stakeholders and shareholders in their actions. In a business combination, the directors and officers of the companies involved have the same fiduciary duties as they have in their daily business.

The board of the target of a public tender offer has some additional specific obligations. For instance, the target board must seriously consider an approach by a potential bidder, but, in normal circumstances, it is not obliged to initiate an auction.

The target board also has to treat bidders equally in some circumstances. For example, a competing bidder must be granted the same due diligence access as the target board’s preferred bidder (see 5.3 Scope of Due Diligence). After the public announcement of an offer, the target board must not take certain defensive measures and must report intended defensive measures to the TOB (see 9.2 Directors’ Use of Defensive Measures).

It is possible to establish a special committee of (independent) directors to review a potential business combination, but it is not common outside conflict of interest situations. Public takeovers are usually management-driven and sometimes initiated by the chairpersons of the two boards. It is typically the entire board of directors, not just a board committee, to which proposals for approval are presented.

There is limited case law concerning the fiduciary duties of the board of directors of a public company in a public takeover context. With respect to business decisions of non-conflicted directors and officers of private companies, the Swiss Federal Supreme Court applies a business judgement rule similar to the one in the USA.

It should also be mentioned that shareholders’ remedies are limited to damages (and restitution in the case of illicit enrichment), with injunctions against board decisions being generally unavailable. Swiss procedural law is generally less plaintiff-friendly than procedural laws in the USA.

In business combinations of a certain size, whether private or public, the companies involved are usually advised by financial advisers (typically an investment bank or a management consulting firm), legal advisers and tax advisers, and perhaps pension and environmental advisers.

In most public takeovers, the financial adviser is an investment bank. The Independent Review Body selected by the target and the firm providing the fairness opinion (see 7.2 Type of Disclosure Required) are not advisers of the target in a strict sense but may nevertheless give the target board some comfort as to the adequacy of the consideration.

While directors and officers do owe a duty of loyalty to the company, shareholders – including controlling shareholders – do not, unless they act as shadow directors of the company. Depending on the severity of a conflict, the board and/or the conflicted director have to take different countermeasures (eg, disclosure, recusal, shareholder vote, resignation) developed by case law and the legal doctrine.

In a public takeover, the target board has to disclose potential conflicts of interest of its members or members of the management in the board report. The Independent Review Body has to be independent from the bidder and the target as a matter of law.

Hostile tender offers are permitted in Switzerland and some of the rules governing public tender offers are designed to facilitate hostile or competing bids. However, there have hardly been any hostile tender offers in the past decade.

Before a public tender offer is announced, the board of a potential target may adopt defensive measures (provided they do not breach corporate law), even if the board knows that an offer is imminent. However, the board has restricted room for manoeuvre in this respect, as many defensive measures require shareholder approval (see 9.3 Common Defensive Measures). In Switzerland, “poison pills” are hardly used and would only be lawful under very limited circumstances.

Between the launch or pre-announcement of a public tender offer (whether friendly or unfriendly) and the publication of the final result, the board must not take any action to frustrate the offer unless the shareholders approve such action in a general meeting. For example, the board must not, without shareholders’ approval:

• buy or sell assets that represent more than 10% of the target’s assets or earnings, or assets that the bidder has designated as being its main target (crown jewels);
• issue shares without granting pre-emptive rights to the shareholders, unless foreseen in the articles of incorporation;
• deal in own shares or related financial instruments, or shares offered by the bidder in exchange for the target shares; or
• issue option or conversion rights.

In contrast, the board may search for a white knight or make a public tender offer for the bidder’s shares (“Pac-Man” defence).

Some Swiss public companies have structural takeover defences in their articles of incorporation. For example, the articles may limit shareholders’ rights to be registered in the share register with voting rights to a certain percentage of shares (eg, 5%) and/or limit the exercise of voting rights by one shareholder (or group of shareholders) to a certain percentage. Sometimes, these restrictions can only be lifted by a supermajority of shareholders. A bidder can make its public tender offer conditional upon the removal of these restrictions by a shareholders’ meeting.

A number of Swiss companies have one or several anchor shareholders who are not willing to tender their shares in an unfriendly offer. Few companies have a dual-class share structure with a controlling shareholder holding a majority of voting rights but only a minority of the capital.

Finally, there may be express or implied change of control provisions in financing arrangements that require loans or bonds to be repaid immediately if the company is subject to a hostile bid. Other material agreements may also contain change of control provisions.

When enacting defensive measures, directors are bound by their fiduciary duties and their duty to treat shareholders equally in like circumstances (see 8.1 Principal Directors’ Duties). This prevents them, for instance, from promising gratuitous benefits to certain shareholders or third parties that become payable when an unsolicited tender offer is launched. For this reason, poison pills are permissible only under limited circumstances.

When a takeover bid has been launched or pre-announced, the board’s leeway to take potentially defensive measures is further restricted (see 9.2 Directors’ Use of Defensive Measures) and any defensive measures have to be reported to the TOB.

Directors are not obliged to enter into discussions or negotiations with a potential bidder if they decide that this is not in the company’s best interest. However, the board’s ability to take defensive measures is limited (see 9.2 Directors’ Use of Defensive Measures and 9.4 Directors’ Duties).

Generally, litigation is the exception in connection with M&A deals in Switzerland. Private M&A agreements often contain arbitration clauses, but initiation of proceedings is rare.

In a public takeover, significant shareholders (greater than or equal to 3%) have a right to join proceedings after the launch of a public tender offer and sometimes use their right to achieve a higher offer price: eg, arguing that the price offered by the bidder is below the minimum price. If a bidder chooses to carry out a squeeze-out merger after the closing of a public tender offer, the minority shareholders may challenge the merger and/or the adequacy of the consideration (see 6.10 Squeeze-Out Mechanisms).

See 10.1 Frequency of Litigation.

See 10.1 Frequency of Litigation.

Historically, there has been a low level of shareholder activism in Switzerland, with the exception of (sometimes very active) industrialists and financiers making demands for changes in strategy or the capital structure of a public company. Recently, there has been increased activity by both foreign and domestic activists with a focus on topics such as changes to the board or management, changes to the company’s strategy in general or a restructuring of its business activities, and divestments of non-core or lower-performing divisions.

See 11.1 Shareholder Activism.

In some cases, investors have successfully sought better terms for themselves in a public takeover: for instance, by joining proceedings before the TOB and litigating the case further (see 10.1 Frequency of Litigation). This does not prevent a bidder from completing the acquisition but may make it more expensive. There are also recent examples of activist shareholders successfully preventing the closing of announced transactions involving Swiss public companies.