Enforcement of Judgments 2024 Comparisons

There are several public registers that a claimant might check to identify the asset position of another party in Norway. The Brønnøysund Register Centre is a government body under the Ministry of Trade, Industry and Fisheries, and consists of several different national computerised registers.

The most important and usable register is the Register of Business Entities, which contains information such as annual reports and financial statements for most Norwegian companies, but also foreign companies that are operating in Norway. The information will usually be updated as per the preceding year. It is searchable by company name or company registration number. Financial information and copies of the financial statements are not available free of charge, but some websites provide abstracts of the information for free, such as proff.no.

The Brønnøysund Register Centre also holds the Register of Bankruptcies, which contains information about Norwegian companies where bankruptcy proceedings have been instituted, the trustee in the bankruptcy estate and the necessary information to report a claim to the bankrupt estate.

In addition to the Brønnøysund Register Centre, a claimant might check the following other publicly available registers.

• The Norwegian Ship Register (NOR) and the Norwegian International Ship Register (NIS) contain information about the ownership of vessels and to what extent vessels are mortgaged. They are searchable by both the owner’s name and the vessel’s name.
• The Vehicle Register contains information about the ownership and leasing agreements of cars, and to what extent cars are mortgaged. It is searchable by the vehicle’s plate number.
• The Property Register contains information about the ownership of property/real estate, and to what extent properties are mortgaged. It is searchable by property (either by cadastral numbers or by street addresses).
• the Securities Registry contains information about the ownership of financial instruments, and to what extent financial instruments are mortgaged.
• The Movables Register contains information about mortgages and distraints in movables, registered by debtors (not by assets); attachments on earnings and decisions resulting in “nothing to distrain” are also registered in the Movables Register, but this information is not publicly available.
• The Petroleum Register contains information about licensees and operators of production licences, and to what extent they are mortgaged.
• The Power Line Register contains information about the ownership and mortgage rights of mains power lines; however, this register is infrequently used.
• The Norwegian Industrial Property Office’s database, which contains information about registered trade marks, patents and designs, including recorded liens and other important information.

No asset disclosure orders are available; however, in connection with a distraint, the Norwegian Enforcement Office will investigate what assets the debtor has and may order the debtor/defendant to provide information necessary for enforcing the claim, and to give access to their private estate, business premises, etc.

If there is a risk that another party will dispose of its assets to the detriment of the claimant, the claimant may obtain an attachment (arrest) in the other party’s assets as a preliminary measure to secure the claim. The other party will then be prohibited from disposing of the attached asset in a way that harms the claimant’s position. Such an order may be issued without prior notice to the debtor if a delay would pose a risk.

In Norway, two types of domestic judgments are available, in principle. The term judgment (dom) is used on the courts’ rulings on the merits of the disputed claims brought before them, including the courts of appeal’s rulings on appeals against judgments.

To clarify, Norwegian law distinguishes between three different forms of rulings:

• judgments (dom);
• interlocutory orders (kjennelse); and
• decisions (beslutning).

Interlocutory orders and decisions apply to rulings rejecting a case due to lack of jurisdiction, legal cost awards or rulings on procedural issues, for example. Such rulings may also be enforceable, equivalent to an enforceable judgment – for instance, legal cost awards providing for the losing party to pay an amount of money to the winning party (awards made by way of an interlocutory order).

Judgments (Dom)

The two main types of judgments (dom) are:

• declaratory judgments, which constitute a binding declaration in relation to a legal relationship between the parties and the judgment – although this type of judgment cannot be directly enforced, they can provide the basis for actions such as the compelled surrender or transfer of property; and
• enforceable judgments, which provide for the parties to do, refrain from or endure an act, such as paying an amount of money to the other party.

In general, judgments are legally binding and enforceable when they can no longer be appealed, either because there is no higher court instance or because the time limit for appealing the judgment has lapsed.

Monetary judgments

Monetary judgments are partly enforceable before they are final, as they can be used to obtain a lien over the other party’s assets to secure the claim as soon as the time for payment has passed, even if the judgment is being or can be appealed. The same applies to interlocutory orders awarding money to one of the parties – eg, legal cost awards. The debtor may avoid the lien by providing security (bank deposit or bank guarantee) for the claim.

Default judgments

In the case of default by the defendant, another type of judgment is available, but a default judgment is nevertheless either a declaratory or an enforceable judgment (deciding the claim). Default judgments may be obtained upon application from the claimant if the defendant does not submit a defence in time, does not attend the court hearing (through a representative), or fails to perform other important procedural acts determined by the relevant court. The judgment shall be based on the grounds for the claimant’s petitions for relief, as long as these grounds are not evidently wrong.

In-court settlements

Despite not being a judgment by the court, in-court settlements are also relevant here, due to such agreements being enforceable similar to an enforceable judgment. In-court settlements are entered in the court record and signed by the parties and the member(s) of the court, stating precisely what the parties have agreed and containing a time limit for performance. The time limit is crucial in order for the settlement to be enforceable.

Temporary judgments

Temporary judgments are also available while awaiting a judgment (or a settlement) regarding the disputed claim, depending on the circumstances. These rulings do not decide the main claim brought before the court, only the security claim, so are made in the form of an interlocutory order (kjennelse). Nevertheless, they are enforceable while awaiting a final and binding outcome on the matter. Preliminary injunctions are rulings that may be obtained to secure both monetary and non-monetary claims. The injunction can force the other party either to do, refrain from or endure an act as a preliminary measure, or to sustain an attachment over one or more of the other party’s assets.

Preliminary injunctions are enforceable immediately, provided that the other party does not voluntarily adhere to the injunction within the possible deadline set by the court.

To enforce a domestic judgment in Norway, the claimant must file a petition for enforcement to the local enforcement office. There is no (extra) notice period with which the claimant has to comply before initiating the enforcement process of its claim, as the procedure is for enforcing a promissory note debt, etc. It is sufficient that the judgment is rendered, and the awarded claim has fallen due.

Procedure

To enforce monetary judgments, the following procedure generally applies.

• The first step – a petition for an execution lien (utlegg) over the debtor’s assets is sent to the local enforcement office. The legal venue is determined by the domicile of the debtor, or by the location of its assets. The enforcement office will then search for assets, often by involving the debtor, and sometimes by involving the claimant as well. If specific assets are listed and requested in the claimant’s petition, the enforcement officer will rarely make much effort to search for further assets. When the enforcement office has searched for the assets available, it will put an execution lien over the asset(s) that are most feasible for recovery purposes.
• The second step – after the execution lien has been obtained, a petition for enforcement of the attached assets must be sent to the local enforcement office. The local enforcement office will then arrange for a forced sale of the assets or give other instructions to make sure that the money derived from the assets is released and paid to the claimant, depending on the type of asset that is attached.

Similar sorts of procedures apply for other types of domestic judgments.

Types of Enforcement

The following sorts of enforcement are also available, obviously depending on the type(s) of assets over which the debtor has ownership or other rights, and over which the enforcement office has put an execution lien:

• forced surrender, sale or redelivery of movables;
• forced surrender or sale of financial instruments;
• forced assignment of monetary claims against third parties;
• forced payment of money available;
• forced sale of IP rights, issuance of third-party licences and/or assignment of rights pursuant to licence agreements with third parties;
• forced rental of assets other than those mentioned above and/or assignment of rights under such agreements;
• forced sale of assets registered in an assets register;
• forced transfer of property into a mortgagee’s use and possession;
• forced sale of tenancy or occupation right documents;
• decisions on obligations to act (other than those mentioned above), including daily or weekly penalties; and
• penalties to force surrender of movables and securities.

Insolvency

If a claimant expects the debtor to be insolvent, either before starting the enforcement process or after receiving a “nothing to restrain” decision from the enforcement office, the claimant may (instead) file a petition for bankruptcy with the local district court. This is provided that the claimant’s claim is not adequately secured with a mortgage over one/more of the debtor’s assets. A “nothing to restrain” decision obtained against the debtor within the last three months before the petition for bankruptcy would be regarded as a presumption of insolvency, meaning that the debtor bears the burden of proving their solvency. To enforce a domestic judgment in Norway against a debtor that is presumed to be insolvent, the following procedure generally applies.

• The first step – a petition for bankruptcy is sent to the local district court. The petitioning creditor would also have to provide some security for the estate’s expenses (currently approximately NOK60,000), which may be recovered if there are sufficient means in the bankruptcy estate. The court will then assess the conditions of the subject insolvency and decide on whether to commence bankruptcy proceedings.
• The second step – if the court decides to commence bankruptcy proceedings, the administrator of the estate will be nominated shortly after the commencement of bankruptcy proceedings, and all creditors are given a deadline to register their respective claims while the administrator searches for assets.
• The third step – in principle, the administrator of the estate will then decide whether to accept or dispute the claim. Provided that the judgment (to be enforced by way of filing for bankruptcy) was rendered before the commencement of bankruptcy proceedings, the estate is bound by the relevant judgment.
• The fourth step – provided that the debtor has assets feasible for recovery purposes, the administrator will handle the recovery/sales process and calculate and pay out a dividend to all creditors that have registered their claim and been accepted by the administrator.

In the case of insolvency, a lien obtained less than three months prior to bankruptcy will not be binding for the bankruptcy estate. Even so, it might be worth pursuing an enforcement proceeding despite the debtor being insolvent to get a lien earlier than three months before any of the other creditors – or the debtor themselves – petitions for bankruptcy. After three months, the lien will usually form sufficient security, also in bankruptcy.

The length of enforcement proceedings depends on the workload of the local enforcement office and on what (if any) objections the defendant makes to the enforcement proceedings. In general, an execution lien can be obtained within a few months from the request being sent to the court, and an enforcement of the lien can be obtained a few months after the execution lien was obtained.

Typically, there are no substantial costs payable to the court in connection with the application. The claimant needs to pay a fee to the court ranging from NOK1,528 to NOK4,218, depending on the type of enforcement and whether the enforcement has to be granted by the local enforcement office or the district court.

If legal counsel is engaged for investigations, the drafting of papers, etc, additional fees will be incurred. Such fees vary, depending on the type of engagement, enforcement, and so on.

The court fee and other necessary costs related to the enforcement may be retrieved from the defendant.

Finally, an execution lien alone will often result in a voluntary settlement of the claim, meaning there is no need for the second step as listed in 2.2 Enforcement of Domestic Judgments.

The enforcement office has the authority to order the defendant to disclose information about the assets the defendant holds and the location thereof. The enforcement office will also have access to a variety of registers over the defendant’s holdings.

A defendant may only challenge the enforcement of domestic judgments on the grounds that the judgment is not delivered from a court of law that issues that kind of judgment, or that the judgment is too vague to be enforced. Furthermore, a defendant may only raise objections to the claim set out in the judgment if those objections could not have been put forward in the court case.

Objections related to service of the proceedings must be brought before the courts as a request to reopen the proceedings, and cannot be used as a challenge in the enforcement proceedings. However, if the judgment is a default judgment, then the reopening of the proceedings will affect the enforceability of the judgment. In the conciliation board, the formalities related to service of documents are less strict than in the ordinary courts of law, so a default judgment can be made even if the defendant has not been made aware of the claim and proceedings at all. Such a default judgment may be considered null and may not be enforced.

Under Norwegian law, declaratory judgments cannot be enforced. Furthermore, a judgment cannot be enforced if it is so vague or contradictory that the enforcement office cannot tell exactly what is to be enforced.

As mentioned in 2.1 Types of Domestic Judgments, some judgments in default are not enforceable; reopening the proceedings due to objections relating to service will affect the enforceability of a judgment in default.

No central register of judgments has yet been implemented or become available in Norway, but there are some websites where most Norwegian judgments are published and searchable, such as Lovdata.no and rettsdata.no. Unedited Supreme Court decisions are also available at www.domstol.no.

Lovdata and Rettsdata contain the full text of judgments, with both reasoning and conclusion. Sensitive judgments and judgments involving private parties are usually in an anonymised form, with A, B, C, etc, listed instead of the parties’ names. Company names, however, will usually not be anonymous. To obtain the names of private parties, one may request a copy of the judgment from the court that delivered it.

A judgment debtor cannot have the judgment removed from such official websites by paying the debt, as the purpose of the websites is to give access to case law for use in legal arguments.

Foreign judgments are only enforceable in Norway to the extent they follow from a treaty or bilateral agreement between Norway and the country where the judgment was made, or if they follow from statutory law.

The most relevant treaties for the enforcement of judgments in commercial disputes are as follows:

• the Lugano Convention of 30 October 2007 (Convention on jurisdiction and the recognition and enforcement of judgments in civil and commercial matters); and
• the bilateral agreement between Norway and the United Kingdom regarding recognition and enforcement of judgments in civil matters of 12 June 1961 – Norway and the UK confirmed this bilateral agreement by an agreement of October 2020, which ensures the mutual recognition and enforcement of judgments in civil matters between Norway and the United Kingdom after the United Kingdom left the European Union, unless or until the UK becomes an independent party to the Lugano Convention after Brexit.

In the absence of any such applicable conventions or agreements between Norway and the foreign country, the recognition and enforcement of foreign judgments in civil and commercial matters are subject to the Norwegian Enforcement Act of 26 June 1992, together with the Norwegian Dispute Act of 17 June 2005.

Furthermore, the Norwegian Dispute Resolution Act (of 17 June 2005, No 90), Section 19-16, together with the Norwegian Enforcement Act (1992), Section 4-1, second paragraph (g), provides for a final foreign court judgment in a matter where the parties have agreed in writing to the judgment of a foreign jurisdiction (for a specific matter or for matters arising out of a specific legal relationship – eg, a contract) being enforceable in the same way that a Norwegian judgment would be enforceable. In other words, a foreign judgment can only be enforced in Norway if the parties have agreed to the jurisdiction of the foreign court.

Changes to the Norwegian Bankruptcy Act that came into force on 1 July 2021 imply that judgments related to bankruptcy can be enforced in Norway to a greater extent. Prior to the changes, it was not possible to enforce such judgments in practice. One of the new requirements is that the foreign country recognises Norwegian bankruptcies.

In Norway, the approach to the enforcement of foreign judgments will vary depending on the sort of obligation that is sought to be enforced but does not vary by different types of judgments. However, petitions for the enforcement of any foreign judgment must be filed with the district court instead of directly with the enforcement officer.

In general, the foreign judgment will not be subject to a retrial and the Norwegian court will not review the merits of the foreign judgment. A foreign judgment will not be reviewed with respect to its substance, and the Norwegian court will not undertake any review of the facts or the law of the foreign judgment.

See 3.6 Challenging Enforcement of Foreign Judgments.

In order to enforce a foreign judgment or award in Norway, the creditor must file a request for enforcement with the competent district court. The legal venue is determined by the domicile of the debtor or the location of its assets. The judgment to be enforced must be attached to the request – either the original or a duly certified copy. The creditor must also provide a Norwegian translation of the judgment.

The court will undertake a preliminary assessment of the legitimacy of the application and then give notice to the debtor, with a two-week deadline for commenting on matters of importance for enforcement of the claim. Once this period has expired, the court may decide whether to grant the application and send it to the enforcement authorities or to reject it.

Once the application of enforceability has been granted, enforcement is made pursuant to the local rules of enforcement in the Norwegian Enforcement Act. The court will send its decision to the bailiff for execution, and the enforcement authorities will then decide when to search for assets and enforce the judgment or award pursuant to the application.

For judgments under the Lugano Convention, no deadline to respond will usually be given to the debtor before the court decides that the judgment is enforceable and then sends it to the enforcement authorities.

Judgments on monetary claims are normally enforced by submitting an application for attachment with the debtor’s assets to the local enforcement office. The enforcement office can grant the attachment for any assets belonging to the debtor, including bank accounts, real estate, movable property and claims against third parties. The application for the attachment may be filed in conjunction with the request for enforcement, and in the same document.

The timeline for the enforcement of foreign judgments will be about the same as for domestic judgments, but some extra time must be expected to obtain the declaration of enforceability. The costs involved will also be more or less the same, in addition to any required translation costs.

If more than one local enforcement office is competent to enforce the judgment, it might be worth investigating the normal case-handling time for each of the local enforcement offices, in order to choose the one that is most efficient.

The foreign judgment must be enforceable in its country of origin in order to be enforceable in Norway; whether or not this requires the judgment to be final and binding depends on the rules of the country of origin. The creditor will have to provide proof of this to the court.

Foreign judgments will not be recognised in Norway if they are contrary to Norwegian mandatory laws or offensive to the Norwegian legal system (ordre public). A breach of fundamental rules of civil procedure in Norway can be relevant in this respect. If the judgment was given in default of appearance of the defendant, it is a requirement that the documents instituting the proceedings were duly served on the defendant.

Furthermore, foreign judgments will not be enforced in Norway if such enforcement would violate the terms of the treaty upon which the enforcement is based.

All arbitral awards are enforceable in Norway, regardless of the country of origin and whether or not there is a treaty entered into between Norway and the country of origin. Therefore, there is no requirement for the arbitral award to be from a country that is a party to the Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards (the New York Convention on Arbitration).

In Norway, there is a different approach to enforcing domestic arbitral awards and foreign arbitral awards: domestic arbitral awards follow the rules of domestic judgments, while foreign arbitral awards follow the rules of foreign judgments. See previous sections that further outline these variations, especially 2.2 Enforcement of Domestic Judgments and 3.4 Process of Enforcing Foreign Judgments.

See 4.6 Challenging Enforcement of Arbitral Awards.

In addition, declaratory arbitral awards cannot be enforced, nor can awards that are too vague – see 2.5 Challenging Enforcement of Domestic Judgments for more detail.

In order to enforce a foreign arbitral award in Norway, a petition to declare the award enforceable must be sent to the local district court. After the district court has declared the award enforceable, the petition will be sent to the local enforcement office for enforcement in the same manner as domestic judgments.

The timeline for the enforcement of foreign arbitral awards will be about the same as for domestic judgments, but some extra time must be expected to obtain the declaration of enforceability.

The costs involved will also be more or less the same, in addition to any required translation costs.

The options available for challenging arbitral awards are as follows:

• one of the parties to the arbitration agreement lacks legal capacity, or the arbitration agreement is invalid under the laws to which the parties have agreed to subject it or, failing such agreement, under the law of the jurisdiction in which the arbitral award was made (the arbitration clause is considered a separate agreement and may be valid/invalid regardless of whether or not the rest of the agreement is valid/invalid);
• the party against which the arbitral award is being invoked was not given sufficient notice of the appointment of an arbitrator or of the arbitration, or was not given an opportunity to present their views on the case;
• the arbitral award falls outside the scope of the jurisdiction of the arbitral tribunal;
• the composition of the arbitral tribunal was incorrect;
• the arbitral procedure was contrary to the law of the place of arbitration or the agreement of the parties, and it is obvious that this may have had an impact on the decision; or
• the arbitral award is not yet binding on the parties or has been set aside, permanently or temporarily, by a court at the place of arbitration, or by a court in the jurisdiction whose laws were applied in determining the subject matter in dispute.

The courts shall, of their own accord, refuse recognition and enforcement of an arbitral award if:

• the dispute would not have been capable of being determined by arbitration under Norwegian law; or
• recognition or enforcement of the arbitral award would be contrary to public policy (ordre public).

If a legal action to set aside an arbitral award has been brought before a court, the court may postpone the ruling on recognition and enforcement if it deems such postponement to be appropriate. In such cases, the court may order the opposite party to provide security, at the request of the party demanding recognition or enforcement.